{"id":"rKGhbC6Uync","title":"Whiteboard Series with NEAR | Ep: 2 Anatoly Yakovenko from Solana","description":"In the second episode of our Whiteboard Series with NEAR, we had Anatoly Yakovenko (  / aeyakovenko  ) from Solana speaking with our Founders Alex Skidinov (  / alexskidanov  ) and Illia Polosukhin  (  / ilblackdragon  )\n\nLearn more about Solona here: https://solana.com/\n\nDownload the video here: http://near.ai/solana10211\n\nFollow the latest from NEAR Protocol on, \n\nDiscord:   / discord  \nMedium:   / nearprotocol  \nTwitter:   / nearprotocol  \nGitHub: https://github.com/nearprotocol\n\n\n#FutureIsNEAR #BlockchainProtocols #TechTalk","channel_name":"NEAR Protocol","published_at":"2019-01-08T00:00:00.000Z","thumbnail_url":"https://img.youtube.com/vi/rKGhbC6Uync/hqdefault.jpg","transcript_text":"hey everybody this is Alex Amelia from near and we here is Anatole from salon Houston do we have super deep dive and disgusts we need to have details about their protocol I tell you when they give a short intro but yourself yeah sure I'm Anatole I'm the founder CEO solana Solanas a very high-performance watching but the snow sharding opposite of near I'd love to only give these guys about technology all right let's start was just kind of you describe us a high level and then we'll go really deep sure so a very high level solana is based on this idea that you can use a clock a global block to speed up a distributed system and the city has been around for like a really long time since you know the 40s in our vlog is permissionless so it's interesting about our clock is that it actually works before consensus like before you actually have any notion an agreement in the system you still have a notion of time and that's why we can actually leverage that to speed up the network so that was kind of like the the very shallow deep dive bench so how the how does our clock work so I think if you guys have been following the space and the last year there's been kind of this explosion of ideas around verifiable delay functions or VPS I actually didn't didn't know anything about PDFs when they came up with this I just had too much coffee and I was up until 4:00 in the morning an hour clock is a maybe the simplest way you can implement the VDS imagine you have a shot 256 any cryptographic image assistant hash functions work and this thing just loops over itself right so it keeps going and going and going and everybody you know X amount of iterations you just take a sample so when I mean loops over itself its output is the next input just beaker solely just runs because it's peanut resistant you can't any of the values that are going to occur you know like a hundred million or eight iterations from that you actually have to run this thing in a single core single process without stopping so you know let's say this is like you know 1 million iterations and the value is like zero be a whatever right this is 2 million at least likes your OCD and it just keeps going forever so these samples represent a data structure that tells you that somebody somewhere spent real time building so what's interesting about this data structure is you can encode messages into it so I can simply take a message or a big blob of data and hash it and then kind of stick it in here before we do this iteration so now I have some value here I had some some bytes it's that I've inserted here so now at this point all the subsequent fascists have been modified in an unpredictable way because it's premature system so it also is interesting as if this thing itself also contained a reference to some other value that it observed so now this guarantees that this message was created after this point and before this point so now we have the status structure right but in codes time but also an order of events and the relative order between them as well as the the up relative amount of time between them right so we call this thing proof of history because it gives you a proof of this historical record so now imagine you have this data structure but I send to you guys you know with a like a thumb drive attached to a carrier pigeon right and you're looking at this data structure right and this is like the head pointer this is the last last thing you see and somewhere here you see a network message somewhere here you see a network message somewhere here you see network messages right so given this last thing that you've observed you can compute whatever algorithm you choose the actus that settles a network what's the sense of the network whatever algorithm you choose you could say that somebody had sent like a message once over the last two weeks right yeah make sense whatever it doesn't matter what it is you pick some algorithm right but the point is that at this point this point in the in the lecture right at this point in history which is identified by the count right you know 1 billion and some value 0 X blah blah blah you've decided that this is the state of the network so what's interesting is that everyone else observing this data structure using the same algorithm will decide the exact same state of the network and if we optimistically assume that everybody's looking at this thing then this is how we keep the two generals problem right if everybody optimistically assumes that they're looking at this thing they construct a message that references this value but it's only valid if it appears some time later right when we say we attack right everybody attacks and if we're lucky and everyone did actually observe the same thing you'll see that as evidence here by a bunch of messages to indicate the attack which is concluded from the exact same information everybody everywhere sir so that's fundamentally how our system works is that based on this historical record which is not cryptographic it's not just you know time stamps today ashed in the you know in this right and made up we can actually come to agreement about the state of the network and therefore make a decision and that decision is consistent along with everyone else optimistically right and so you say we cheating to generous program yeah you so you saying that Solana would survive do you want me to have more than one third dimension actors so you can't like there Solutions is the generals problem right do you think that this it would be saved even it is like let's say 40% of well-wishes matters doesn't matter how many malicious actors are because the way you win the two generals problem is they don't say sorry I'm thinking over it the young generals probably doesn't matter the way the way we actually solve it is when we look at this point here we say that we solve it here right you know whatever one hour later we decide oh yeah we did actually solve it and here's the proof right because the system then has evidence that it has come to agreement here and it has multiple confirmations and our system just like brew footwork the deeper this event occurs the harder just a role yeah so I can kind of like dive into that so you may have like a bunch of forks but could you only like one hour later yeah no I'm not or not yeah yeah Mon so let's say hypothetically the person who runs the roof of history is malicious and he has to force let's say yeah and so he has a second port where he computers the same thing with he meets his modernization yes that's fine so we can kind of get into the consensus priciest one so this part the image so these are talking about the conscious it's just a way for us to have evidence that the message Adam yeah because once you look once you observe this structure you don't really care how it was generated or whether there was multiple leaders two leaders one doesn't matter right kind of the date so everything about the network is derived from the data itself so there's no weak subjectivity and so III as a person consume this thumbdrive how do I verify that all the hashes working good okay so that's where you take your GPU part my fries you look at each slice in between here right and then you use one core and every slice and about 4000 slices you can verify it in this envelope so one second can be verified in about a quarter millisecond on you so with 1gb will be very fine for time four thousand times faster yes before before GPUs are 16,000 times faster kind of like if you look at your your like entry level of theory of mining running because I told you he is a little gate and then for this position let's say I'm planning to run a some sort of exchange and I need to be absolutely certain you know there's nothing weird happening I need to verify everything from the Java support depends depends that's a complicated question if it's been four years since the Genesis we'll have a very fight in one third of a day right depends on your GPS for parallelizable right that sounds you seem to theme when you eat but in one hour you get spin up you know 100 GPUs make sense good so for verifying you still need to have this checkpoints relative frequency so how big is a data structure we are generating maybe at most two thousand per second and that's simply because so we're kind of target is one gigabit EDB packets there's 64 kilobytes you can generate two thousand of them per second mm yeah yeah Jake wise it's the same thing because every time you encode the message which is like a data packet you need to record the state and the counter yeah II haven't seen before get paper set o first three million if you merely have this yeah you might be more now there's a we haven't measured it but like AMD's thread Ripper has chapter 56 specific instructions and so justin drink is very into details these days right yeah so they want to build this easing that will be completing some other PDF not this one yeah so so our vdf is extremely simple it doesn't do making fancy what they're doing is something that given like let's say 10 seconds worth of data the verification time is may be constant or fast like polynomial yeah like so the the difference there's ours grows linearly you know verification time is linear to the CPU time necessary to verify but CPUs double cores every two years so I think by the time they should be v-0 their hardware we would be like an 8000 course right for GPU card well Sam I think unless the meetings unless I remember it from Justin mentioned can wonderful because that's Alana wants to break you suggest now yeah what's your interest if you using different media why when we swap it for something that's not algorithmically better is weird we're not like we don't care no sense yeah but what you would be but the properties you want from you gave a very different from what they want like you want it to be you know you may want to begin through producing values 2,000 half percent well I'm the inlet problem with the stuff is still in research is like they're using snart's and starts and so the complicated things there is set up so their approach maybe use a large MPC group but it's like effectively like a snart's tell setup yeah either need a trusted group so you need to make it huge or you need some other mechanism to create like Kennedy initial seed such you know that this wasn't be computed before I know for us because we're using sha-256 very very dump it is to somebody that's been working on operating systems it's very transparent what it does their setup requires this like kind of like you know magic ceremony right not just they use a snark syrup yeah yeah actually do originally starts now you can immediately they just they just computing sound refining operations their operation as a celebrate though the semi prime right yeah yeah so name is Simon crank which is well yeah they're using a prime version of like the hash function they use is like well I'm speculating here but if you're assuming written commands and hash function and you computed the only times you can confuse snark of that very easily that means computation is being taxed sure so that's the one part that's complicated the other part is what we're doing is biasing the input every time you have a message in the network we stick it into the into this loop right the frequency of that we can we can make it work with whatever function they do but our main concern here is a security concern is if you can bias this input you can potentially generate a hash function if that if this is not the image secure right if this is not pretty much resistant when you do this message recording we want this part to be guaranteed to be secure especially you can't like generate a loop yeah I think well if done I've talked to Justin you feels confident that we can get our stuff working with theirs I trust his opinion I'm happy to switch yeah that was not a problem cool okay so let's see let's say we have the wallet we're gonna do we do men's okay so the main part about why things can be fast with a clock right is because when you do this active sub computation you're doing this without messaging anyone right you got this data structure from a carrier pigeon drive you don't have to talk to me with anyone else in the network you actually do this computation locally and that's the speed-up right because now there's no there's no interactive but you mean you have to do with anyone else since they optimistically guessed that I've downloaded the right structure right and I'm gonna send it so why is the best ship Pennings tell you why it's fast right sort of so the second part of why we can leverage this is uses that points because in our setup we have a single leader at a time and a bunch of validators that are receiving this data so validator just don't care how to get this data right because they're deriving everything from the data directly so this leader can broadcast you know one over and validators orth of data to each one and then they exchange it so that is effectively BitTorrent and you can scale this out to a log you know tree structure yeah right so the fan out of whatever your fan own is we verified this summer about 200 that means that in the second layer of about 40,000 notes so with only two hops so our finality grows with the log of the network size and this fan can be pretty hugest apologies like stabbed Clark it changes all the time yeah there's no like how you get placed a state based it's a base in your state but effectively you know we're trying to get this group to be all the top state nodes and then everyone else and the protocol is designed such that you receive the state of partially from the network and it spattered of the race you're coding so if X percentage of the notes or you know malicious or send you bad data or just don't do nothing if that percentage is below the rest your coding you should be able to recover the full data set so I know now that this looks like a wireless network which is like it's all here's a welcome like actually helps here so there's the leaders so I'm assuming leader gets rotated as well so here's the fun part now things get interesting cell rotation right and this is your goes into the consensus portion so imagine we take this timeline and we divided up into slots and these are these are just basically counters right you know proof in street counter so this is you know one millions is 2 million whatever at every point and every slot there's a single leader that can belt think and transmit mm-hmm right so this looks like time division multiple access TDMA one of the earliest wireless protocols we've effectively taken you know the rest of the time and split it up into slots where any single leader can be the only one that transmits so what that means is me as a validator by either receive a transmission from this leader right or potentially if I failed to reassemble the packets a generator virtual tick or a virtual history yeah because I can derive the history from the last point that I've observed by simply appending perfect like hashes with no data to it right so now we have like kind of this protocol where the network either receives the data or fails to receive it but it doesn't stop so let's let's say for perspective or validating to yeah sorry for those Peaks having rather frequently right yeah so if if I wait first well like if I wait until I'm confident that you know you simulated before it start computing hashes now you're always computer there's no everybody that comes in theaters hashes but then we we're burning cheese again right no just one chord for you for no I see yes that's true yeah now we have all the interesting things such as why would they not always be candid they never receive the message yeah yeah so so this is where like things get actually like what do you see branching is the second leader right is either observed a virtual lecture or a real one when I get to transmit and this is either from here from here right so is the third one that spans this like now this the sterno right but every time like every time there's a new leader a new slot they have a number of options to pick from from the previous thing that they've observed so the branching you know kind of starts blowing up here and how we reduce it is I can kind of show you a different tree does that make sense yeah that makes sense I'm wondering every leader every leader either received the previous leader transmission and says okay I received the data validated it now I'm gonna transmit or they fail to and they have created a virtual ledger an agent's made from that one big group so there's options where they received one before one like one one before etcetera right right it gives it any kind how lighting they are great so at any point right kind of one so this one sends data l2 gets to decide well did I receive the data or did I receive the virtual you know right so this one goes T or D right C or D no.3 is over here so the path here right can come from as if I'll two failed l2 failed to observe l1 right so they chose feet and I'm free she actually saw like you know also fields of zero one LTO and just T as well and the only way this is chosen is if both of them failed to observe along so that make sense because if l2 transmits data and this this node observed a failure for a-1 and this data depends on this one it cannot verify but this is correct okay right so it actually skips it and says I'm gonna branch I'm gonna prove that I've actually generated enough hashes up to now yeah do you transmit yeah so do does not trust Alto and it just needs its own portion it doesn't just me the portion from a lot yeah in theory might have received l2 without receiving wonder and still choose to both of them yeah because if you not verify them thanks eyes I mean there's repair happening and stuff like that but the idea is that like this snow may actually fail to receive both and well because it failed to receive both its only option is to see both have failed right and what each note does is whenever they observe you know transmission data such that they vote on it they reset their Poh to start running from there so at any point the last thing you voted on that's your kind of starting point and you start producing caches and you can overrun basically everybody else up until it's your turn for transmit and that could be ten slots it could be five slots it could be zero and then you transmit that Plus hold the virtual ticks you you've generated and then you just MIT's up to the network so the now we're playing receiving your data can actually derive it back to write this actually came from here and here's a previous tree that shows that you've waited X amount of time and what does the for chisel so let's say I see L 3 so 3 is sending me skills keeps me yeah I prove yes it's what I'm seeing here yes I also see L 2 that sends me effectively transmitted via transmit yeah right but that obviously my like right to the door in the past which one do issues well like when I don't like the fun part or selection problem so imagine your validator right and we actually let's go back a little bit to have consensus works to kind of give a bigger broader picture so you have this proof mystery ledger and imagine is just working kind of like at a very high level okay it's working all the time and have some votes here right every time I vote each vote is for a particular type of the ledger and this well starts with a lock-up let's say - and say vote again now this voters a lockout - from this photos to lock out of for right so I vote again this becomes 4 this becomes 8 this becomes 2 it is that every time I vote my votes exponentially stack that my lockouts exponentially grow so this kind of gives us the same behaviors proof-of-work right we're not a pbft or VFT solution right our Airedale abilities who are using kind of the threshold approach but the threshold isn't based on electricity right it's actually based on time and fundamentally when you look at it it's almost like a drink but the trade-off between availability and consistency can't cheat cap theorem right and so literally you're shading here what you're saying is I will drop my availability for 8 units of time to break this consistency actually show a couple questions votes is it the boating is this virtual right so when I'm is a lender you need every validator when they observe your data they decide to vote on and they voting with a stake and that boat is going to be stored on the ledger so kind of my future in diffusion yeah so let's say that social leaders so this mode you know maybe we've been recorded here and actually submit submit information to the nice leaders our hair was in an hour so but I mean the probably need to store 40,000 votes you could compress them of BLS signatures in quality just a little care about data we have exam measured data for all the data you want because we we are you know our goal is to you know 200,000 transactions per second like steady-state right now that's the other thousand cool and again and so for me to understand this law it means that if this vote is recorded yeah and at some point within less so it is units of time you know sometimes without most intelligence so if someone else observes me having a competing vote within less than this is a vote for this particular branch and you voted here right mmm then you get sloshed doesn't Rosen whatever you're effectively prevented from voting again Mason yeah slashing this what is one thing we're looking at interestingly all we need to do is actually just frees you from like freeze your account right from from getting rewards or foreboding mm-hmm as effective a slashing in terms of keeping the network steady no you can move the money to different count no it's like frozen you can touch it for like six months out right so well they might say I moved 30 times in a row yeah this time I look up four billion for for all practical purposes everything exactly so that but then let's say your work happened and actually like this branch was abandoned was like when was the last time Bitcoin reef reorder 32 I don't like these one that she's very honest exactly attacked right right yeah so pbft systems just freeze I said for us to the 32 and time units we can define that as meaning you know in one week financing one we don't care one of those right we can effectively make a practical decision to say that if a 32 blocks deep free or needs to occur the network should basically do nothing for a week yes this should never happens but if it needs to happen when I said let's put a human constraint on it right and so if someone I paid to her was the majority of really understand that when they give them for about someone yeah happen to have this 20 blows then they say like we set your prices really neither for a week effect exactly yeah yes it's about we that's that's something we can effectively decide and even make it in that work parameter that the network chooses and you have some extra knowledge of pros let's say they're looking on universe so like 64 and simulation I saw 64 blocks this probably every season get up it's all open source even although all the wards are open source so feel free to like this crisis file issues you know look at the simulation and like you have some ovations every sinners yeah yeah so that that's a really interesting part so imagine like you guys can observe this happening so and use like a stack yeah sure so when I vote here these logons doubled mm-hmm right so now this is 4 this is 8 and this is 16 so that means that I can't really both underneath these branches and let's say this is a dead branch right I have to wait until this point it's actually both but let's say a bunch of stuff happened and if I actually voted here what actually happens is you know and let's say this lockup actually expired here right so this phone is expired - okay so Network you know you know he WS had like a sneeze and things stopped working and I only ended up floating here they actually lockouts are like a stack and the stack is cleared and then your lockout is - again and this is still 16 question so this is e on the nice thing the next time oh this becomes statically only when this is a high C so the way it works yeah effectively you're building a tower like I initially called a block tower because if Bob goes thank you thing yeah so if this gets White's this starts at 2 right now there needs to be two and four right and then until it's fully rebuilt you don't actually get to you know 2 4 8 16 32 the idea here is that anytime you submit a vote if this vote is at a point that is past any of the lock outs here you clear the whole stack and you start over and this allows you to progressively kind of do your work so when you vote here and you come into this branch or 32 lockouts you're saying that I'm going to like effectively be unavailable for X amount of time to break this consistency right so when that actually happens do you remove this vote and you start rebuilding the stack again that make sense yeah perfect sense and this allows like everybody to enroll what else is interesting is that I can say that at 32 lock out I want to observe 50% of the network to be at the same branch and I can make a greedy choice like this is not even Network enforce so your observed like my into time to observe 50% already voted on this branch alone or I will not I will not double my lockup past 32 on this branch unless I've served 50% plus I was in front right thanks don't observe this expired and eventually it gets totally exponent yeah so that is like effectively how the nodes in the network can force to be in the same branch it's because they picked some branch behind right like that's like at a expiration of you know one hour and they say that they will not commit to a branch and the network unless an hour ago we see that 50 plus percent of the state pool has committed as well and they told us both what is the lockout in the total stroke my short so one or two slots one of the slots but you're getting not can do the following getting a vote wait for it to expire but again wait for it there's pirates will never never so the reward actually comes in 32 right so when you double again this is DQ'd and that's your reward so what this actually means is that we are kind of finalizing this ensure you belong right so 32 blocks ago we said that this is the final branch and this is the thing that matters right this is a thing of the network will you know take a big loss 50% of people voted on this but not all of them know that I'm having a large Tower try great it just they were so something have less to lose right but your threshold would be set somewhere here somewhere in the middle I'm just saying 50% that I'm going to say 50% in this maybe are giving to this branch going back to this right what I can do is I can actually with both my boat and observe both l2 right so I can observe both of these mmm we can't we can't there's no way for us to stop those from doing this I don't do is not the leader here right no she was the leader great you and in the case where so let's say so let's say all tools to live there and this slope yeah alright so this is the stand how the three you had a faster a second over no so let's say this is time right right yeah okay yeah so they'll to be positive here and nothing was published here yeah but I as on for willing always choose the one that was later because three is complete so the greedy choice but we want the network to make this two if they have multiple branches friend it should be unlikely because we're using this forced away all right so you actually have all three generate like some other data before they transmit but thinking sheet they can use a faster ASIC or this one could just be slower right no so when you actually observe two branches you should pick the one that maximizes the network reward so maximizes the lockup I see so you because you can examine both branches you can compute all the votes and you can say that you know branch fund is the one that actually has the most lockup but isn't the point during treatment the higher the network reward is then we're inflated the salon token the less committed the more there is by net you know you can be given these lock outs you can actually very easily compute economic finality make sense right and the more economic finality there isn't a branch that's the branch that you want to be a part of because it's the one where you actually get a reward well the islands die right I see well there's a jump if immediately obvious to me that it like I was multiplied phenomenology but how much these are the tokens right it sort of sounds like a canary presumably by dushan they're so small so comparators that report to me yes it's like it's an item or a brutal work right every block dilutes Bitcoin but you don't know my imagine of for ik that is not going to be accepted into the main tree because you're wasting electricity right so similarly here you want to commit to before that has the most economic finality because that's the one that's most likely to survive because really for us lockout is economic finality right mmm-hmm just count those guys who just dropped milk beyond 2 to the 32nd or you also like trying to predict how much people who get in the future the way it's written right now is it just basically adds up below lockouts from the brandeis of the penicillin so that's and a rough approximation but then I might consider so let's say everybody has the student a 6 is the same for everybody yeah right now so this is time like the second zero on the second zero Y of the one second neither of them would sail to get at your skin Gibbs or something I don't thinking is provided fragile G has only one block it observed and it could be pretty wealthy in something never right and that would be student right model to have been building for a while yeah and then at some point only publishes the transmitted message yeah again so this one the effect that we dropped by the network because everyone that saw this T's have voted okay the majority the network that observe the data has voted when they observed this that doesn't include these votes they can't actually because they've been poaching yeah then they blocked out right because now if I observed three three data transmissions my lock-on is somewhere here it so this guy's affected me like make sense this is a packet loss yeah but this T is twice as important because that means he's there and break so because this leader didn't observe this T they didn't vote of it I'm assuming that that's whatever the probability but whatever the majority of the network has observed right if the next leader is also in that what you already though I'm going to continue those guys like voyage like for this and I'll treat included holders phones in the first G and L to like since intuitively think of it this way right I have some probability of success right and the next leader has some you know other probability of success if all of these are in the majority then you continue kind of but but as soon as somebody's in the you know minority you know fail this node fails right in the network has X amount of time to kind of get back to the majority state and another question so that make sense every time like every time we rotate there's some probability that you've observed the data right right and there's some probability that you're in the majority group and as long as that's true and continues to be true we kind of keep running keep going forward let's say you make you know the chain of I'm sure the first to transmit the message yeah and the second leader says how does begin appear the second the second leader is producing its own Poh from the last vote that they've taken from the last one patrons minute they also prove that you see five disorders I would say say so chibi eventually be inside that isolettes analyzer I saw this transmission which is yeah so I'm gonna be for example from the other one yeah yeah do people vote on this feat no they accumulate when something is actually just me yeah these are virtual right they have no data and they can be derived from the point in the state so you might have a technical example this thing has like one vote which was never done because nobody yeah it's going on it while I hear this message even though it is published later yeah when this time has yeah so late usually the chain which has much transmissions quickly chosen attach exactly yes yeah so this this kind of saves us in the case if somebody is like built an asynchronous circuit and they're like you know based it laughs thanks for that and they're like you know generators government right over and do 80 here one because this will pop a bunch of boards so it will have a lower economic finality and - right like it doesn't I think you know maybe though yeah but it's possible to have like a like if you have some portion of the steak you can like flip the finger I think what is the portion of the state doesn't need to this is this this is like I began to like this this is like an actual censorship attack yeah right so if you're all four and you're some portion of the steak you can potentially just overrun the previous leader every time yeah so you do a transmission hear that everybody yeah kills whatever the snow yes right so and if you're clever I mean you would include all the validator messages except the one zero the Sun sir hmm and this should be the majority Network so this is like the actual censorship attack the only way we fight that is the BBS will progressively approach whatever secret video if you can build and speed so you know a difference between these zero and B one might be to us but if you wanted me to is gonna be fifty percent between b3 and before five percent that's fine but so what's like right now for example let's say if everybody has the same how genius hardware was a portion of the state to you need to use what so let's say you have two leaders right now right so the rotation is steak weighted star rated yeah so we the active set right is computed from the network so whatever it is we compute this and then we decide this is the new schedule mmm and you just rotate all the leaders and even if you're you know a little snake known with crappy hardware the only thing that happens is a packet loss so our goal is to make these slots as fast as possible in theory could be 100 milliseconds because this is not gonna be computed all the data right before their slot and started transmitting right tomorrow second to China you can you can pipeline it right so the someone who goes to shine all right they might actually be this battle all that right if they're in the minority state group they'll just get kind of censored out potentially but it's permissionless right okay let's amend an example where you have a one one accountant that have twenty percent of state right so then if you don't he later said once once is the time and then they also have same signals votes so Ken's a pretty much do like transmits you know you could go anymore that's MIT and they add like 2702 this branch with a candid sensor like the rest of the you know because if they're the rest of the network is observing this but she puts this and they're why they can't choose this unless I mean this is no can choose this right but effectively everyone everybody else can't choose this branch before that they all on the same branch right right so there will be folks to have voted for this as well right - I can label that and your arsenal dealer has to skip right yeah those folks would have to actually actively participate on this if they voted on this they cannot move that that role is over yeah they cannot move them over so they're locked out right from for a better perspective this transmissions is a failure because it doesn't include their previous boat so it's a purpose it suffered for so they can't they can't switch over until this expires right yeah they would have to effectively you can fry them tell them hey you know don't reward I mean no way right possible over but you can just you don't even have to do just tell about it if people agree though it's the point they're the main thing so what's interesting is in our simulation if you have all of all the notes instead instead of picking the branch of the most your to pick the branch that the least reward but still not allow like let's say I think was the 256 not allowing this lock up to be under 50% of the network right so knows I just want to disrupt the network they can't actually vote on branches that die because then they just lock themselves out from the network right so the the thing that they chooses to continue voting in a branch that becomes the main trunk but always had kind of multiple branches the worst one the one has the least amount of Kannamma canal ax t thus network still goes forward just about like with everybody being parasitic and moves forward at about like ten percent of the rate so that is a really cool that means that if the harbor is actually you know you know uniform right we can actually run this thing to be fairly censorship resistant and fairly kind of attack resistant to parasitic votes that's like if everybody's fair stating financially yeah it's still those four as well right yeah versus like bitcoin if everybody is voting you know if everybody's student and on-brand right and just like it actually doesn't move forward so I have a couple one of my short digression is Union feminist right what is that no we don't use rather this also how they were selected like how's the wardrobe leaders rather this is harder it's very hard to build a random source that is actually secure unless you have a video so we do it again like our BBF is biased because every time we submit a message that creates a bias so you could in theory like what would be easy for us to provide us so right you have like yeah you know TT but you're also everybody's computing these virtual branches from the last transmission but you can do is use this random value based on this for this block that's not like a big year it's a little week because anyone was just amazing that's - yeah but that doesn't work because then everybody is throwing like 32 cores worth of PBS and that is problematic so for us we don't use randomness what we actually use is just the number but number accounts the height as the seed to like see the random to just scramble this active stuff actually so it's really just round-robin with a little bit of reordering as you like the person if I have 10x more stake than you am I going to be splitting splitting their account so every time this is rotated over a long time you will be right because this is random enough it's just predictable hopefully it's totally predictable but unbiased able I see wait a Centon number of accounts so when I had a number of the height so this is like you know 100 million this is actually one enjoy it that's the seed to like that's a some residue this is this you can emote like an advanced everybody that's going to be scheduled for the rest of time you know in advance everybody was going to write and everybody's participating all regarding their descent the next they don't decide if you want to participate the when they stake right there's an active so you can decide not to stay if you know what yeah you can pretty much decide to stay or not just split your account and yeah so let's say let's say you don't know I mean you don't have to stake but everybody that's staked that wants to be in the rotation says up there let them practice let's see in practice 99% of people are just the same if you already less for mining if you're already my knee doesn't sense to start mining and you cannot mining yes like presumably not that many people who can boarding especially when they have efficiently operational the operational then it feels like what I can do is I can start I can create one yell any comments and then start using combinations of all those accounts to see how introducing those into the center validators yeah team comes to order right I find that good one I just move my assets in there so just to make this practical this is computed over like two weeks right okay so I newbies I get three lines and find it for them to dig somebody else fresh and also their stinking requires like two weeks for about two weeks cool though you know we just stay human timeouts there so that is pretty much for being shown for four hours taking pictures full bowls in everybody's like you know we're all circling with so the second question is so the forty thousand notes you drew before energy each of them has a GPU right actually because he showed them used to validate now that's a point-of-sale terminal yes what sort of both and other noises yeah this is the complicated part so this is where Justin's magic PDF that has nice and tonic verification would be grateful to be really useful but because that's not ready the way we're doing this is your validation message can point to the previous validation sup right so what use a thin client in fact this is what we're doing for kind of our like signing in play you can observe that X amount of you know you start with some set of validators right as you trusted validators like you've observed in that where have you done that attestation right this is my set of senator validators you can observe sets in the future of votes that's simply point back so now you know that like these guys are directing with trust us up because they're subset of this as they voted on the branch that you care about so if you know people thinking the hashes per state or the history you just just trust another set of elevators general meaning this is weaker definitely weaker than validating the time the problem here twos we what you need to do is like actual transaction validation right like I sent your transaction and you want to quickly verify it and this appears somewhere here in the middle of all these of all hashes and all the hashes so what we need to do is actually pointers back up here you're like Emeril cheat each transaction transaction in the history isn't just a confirmation it was received well that's a good information this is valid at this point this is valid this is not like a transaction is only included tickets validated yeah yeah so you're you have an accountant model or you kick so we have an account level you connect I mean you can in theory have a chip you can submit a transaction that pays out to two different accounts yeah oh I mean account model of speaking yeah but like for a camel do you includes an infinite transaction any new brokerage privilege after this transaction of life we just don't allow them to be in if they fail yeah but what if you if if this is just a payment you can do that but for smart contracts you would need to do that you would have to like pronoun pre write write something that's like a much more complicated model but if I have joined a network so you aren't validating I need to like rerun it the transaction suddenly came up to wait these validation messages include effectively the signature the accounts - right so you can look at the network and see you know everybody is everybody snake is voting for these signatures go give me a checkpoint and that's not important yeah so voting is doing my daily ever it is whether you're competing the hashes when did you pee you right so here we have them so so let's haven't come through so let's say like I was the leader and I was like this is my your swamp yeah and then they try this one is my historia another show - is in industry yeah but then perhaps for else you have sometimes action yeah right and so this is my yeah hash for so the ledger of this is this is also writing in GPU alright so GPU has this like branch which says it has its transaction the data that you're like submitting to the GPU is just kind of just hashes contractions yet but this is like a big blob of data and we hashed that honesty right and then we submit these no transaction that it's like a zero these sort of heaven there's some sort of everything I see I see do do it for each one so you got like like h10 like every time for million times garbage so if I know that we don't store the 0 so the zeros in shape the lunch of data structured just contains the you know effectively number of counts number of hashes number of theö ashes they're secured in hash and then an optional passion the blog the head love had to specific at this count so when are isolated replaying this you just simply stick it in there but if you also have you know the transactions effective using a detector yep for this specific step yeah and then how many do have like pretty much your question is so blob was to kick sorry 64 kilobytes depends on the transaction size because they're smart contracts very variable right now our maximum is 512 bytes but like a simple move the smallest one we can come up with this like 176 bytes per transaction transaction for just a 1 like 1 you know do you need a minute you need to give you two very file like modern-day GPUs of 16 gigabits per second I look this is from yeah PCI 3 is one gigabit per Lane yes 16 lines you know if some textual transactions just anything else exactly supposed to fix you actually we actually do send the whole transaction data because you can't do that maybe signatures per second on CPUs so we verify signatures right yeah yeah that's our our defense against DDoS is just verifying signatures you know many more signatures per second than that we can actually transmit well that won't stop like a router attack right like everybody's splitting away yeah and what stream component you know at each node and verify way more signatures per second but trust me yeah yeah I mean presumably you're coming you're watching Network from making a link like children are back here is there any other bar to mention thanks for smart contracts yeah yeah that is a totally fun from an excel yes our contracts you know what is the transaction for us transaction is well first of all running away the RIA the extra like bottleneck and computation is in CPUs memory right like the the problem with making things go fast is just memory pipelining through the system like if you look at just operating systems and how processes run like what you're dealing with this memory throughput like caches and all this other stuff so how do we make this fast is every transactions specifies a bunch of public keys and these keys are pointers to accounts right and these accounts have data associated with them and you can think of it as user data right that's the way I think of it is we have a operating system with a single address space it just happens to be the size of public keys right so 256 bit address space but but also memory protection so these accounts are assigned to process right my process I mean you know there's some account here whose data contains program code and this code is just code it has no state so this program code is a state transition function over these accounts and the accounts that are assigned to this this is the only code they can modify the data so whenever you doing assignment the status bits are zero and this code is the only thing that can flip those bits right so every time you submit a transaction it does some bit slipping here so what else you can do music and moves tokens around you know power at once and it can also pay out tokens to external to external accounts this is outside of just code right no this code does this modification and then when we you know this the sectional program can run on GPUs right our bytecode is that it's like very very simple it's culbreth a packet filter it's designed for porting into any architecture you want so we can actually report it to spear five so we can execute all these programs on Jake and then on the pager who's beta first and DW yep go fetch it go run all the stuff in parallel get them out of negations back and the only thing or validating is that if the data isn't modified that it was done by this program right and if there's tokens that have been around that tokens going out where it moved you know that this program didn't spend any external tokens and that that's a little somewhat soaked into the same but there's a bucket here I mean maybe it's okay yeah the actual thing that pays for CP and the storage delivery so if you're going to be few for example moving some other like yeah that's just data modification at state that's a big we don't really know what that is but because actively every transaction in fact that we specifies all the memory regions it needs to access we can schedule yeah and what might you just compile for that Michael it's alluvium backends so anything from a yeah the backend is kind of weak it's a little weak doesn't support like all the features yet but that's just it's just work Wow so if you have anybody know the M character GPU why we still write CUDA no you can use as LVM yeah problem is amount so we have a bytecode that is very stable right this is a very stable byte gonna be Unchained forever yeah and we can pour it into whatever architecture happens to be the fastest one it may be for some use cases that spear 5 is the fastest thing but for others it's not like x86 so we want to really keep it in this very simple to manage intermediate state so right now if you get all this programs on GPU is oh maybe sounds them may be way more efficient don't seek on SSDs fashion right now it's all CP this alright also give it yes you guys want to some to spear five you can use the engine in your flock shape under chin yeah so what's awesome about like using a GPU for contract execution is if you have a spike like cryptokeys yeah right the same program code can execute many many many different transactions at the same time on the GPU because you have this like massive Carol massive amounts of planes for the same code so if you had a cryptic Hades like spike you actually don't use a different thread per transaction use one thread that goes over this enormous league-wide wait yeah so that is like the really awesome thing it's like I don't you to write it just schedule space doesn't data access right not what CPU threads because you have to use like vectorize code so like something like a bx mm-hmm but the evenings by planets like really really limited for a massive parallelization compared to a GPU one so in theory right the cost of executed like a more popular program should actually be lower for the network pretty casual yeah like you don't need to page then right and you're effectively just reusing of these lands will see is that these other practice have to be measured yeah it looks like it'll work in theory but this is done when like honey in your case kind of no second increment check so like no way so you have a bunch of transactions they're all for crypto keys right yeah there's a one contract that sticks up to get a scotch other than a meter behind okay so I collect some transactions execute them you need a man like I don't need to do it anymore so but if that's like the defense the popular transaction that's being thrilled Internet we're like they're all the time you can leave this program in the cash right because you know that like hey everybody's flooding in that work with these crypto kitties transactions right cool those are like levels of optimization that I don't know but there's fun fun to worry about so let's finish with a few non technical questions way and when is the man that the hardest questions so our goal is to PFC effectively can enter January and then made that will feature and I think by maybe more legal side than the US awesome cool okay master I'm here yeah thanks a lot for questions yeah cool cool yeah feel free to ask questions on YouTube yeah yeah","transcript_synced_at":"2026-11-04T04:33:15.588Z","segments":[{"start_seconds":4,"text":"hey everybody this is Alex Amelia from near and we here is Anatole from salon Houston do we have super deep dive and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=4s"},{"start_seconds":12,"text":"disgusts we need to have details about their protocol I tell you when they give a short intro but yourself yeah sure","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=12s"},{"start_seconds":20,"text":"I'm Anatole I'm the founder CEO solana Solanas a very high-performance watching","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=20s"},{"start_seconds":27,"text":"but the snow sharding opposite of near I'd love to only give these guys about technology all right let's start was","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=27s"},{"start_seconds":37,"text":"just kind of you describe us a high level and then we'll go really deep sure so a very high level","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=37s"},{"start_seconds":44,"text":"solana is based on this idea that you can use a clock a global block to speed","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=44s"},{"start_seconds":53,"text":"up a distributed system and the city has been around for like a really long time since you know the 40s in our vlog is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=53s"},{"start_seconds":61,"text":"permissionless so it's interesting about our clock is that it actually works before consensus like before you actually have any notion an agreement in","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=61s"},{"start_seconds":69,"text":"the system you still have a notion of time and that's why we can actually leverage that to speed up the network so","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=69s"},{"start_seconds":77,"text":"that was kind of like the the very shallow deep dive bench so how the how does our clock work so I think if you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=77s"},{"start_seconds":86,"text":"guys have been following the space and the last year there's been kind of this explosion of ideas around verifiable delay functions or VPS I actually didn't","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=86s"},{"start_seconds":95,"text":"didn't know anything about PDFs when they came up with this I just had too much coffee and I was up until 4:00 in the morning an hour clock is a maybe the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=95s"},{"start_seconds":104,"text":"simplest way you can implement the VDS imagine you have a shot 256 any","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=104s"},{"start_seconds":112,"text":"cryptographic image assistant hash functions work and this thing just loops over itself right so it keeps going and going and going","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=112s"},{"start_seconds":119,"text":"and everybody you know X amount of iterations you just take a sample so","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=119s"},{"start_seconds":127,"text":"when I mean loops over itself its output is the next input just beaker solely just runs because it's peanut resistant you can't","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=127s"},{"start_seconds":135,"text":"any of the values that are going to occur you know like a hundred million or eight iterations from that you actually have to run this thing in a single core","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=135s"},{"start_seconds":143,"text":"single process without stopping so you know let's say this is like you know 1 million iterations and the value is like","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=143s"},{"start_seconds":151,"text":"zero be a whatever right this is 2 million at least likes your OCD and it","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=151s"},{"start_seconds":159,"text":"just keeps going forever so these samples represent a data structure that tells you that somebody somewhere spent","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=159s"},{"start_seconds":168,"text":"real time building so what's interesting about this data structure is you can encode messages into it so I can simply","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=168s"},{"start_seconds":177,"text":"take a message or a big blob of data and hash it and then kind of stick it in here before we do this iteration so now","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=177s"},{"start_seconds":185,"text":"I have some value here I had some some bytes it's that I've inserted here so","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=185s"},{"start_seconds":193,"text":"now at this point all the subsequent fascists have been modified in an unpredictable way because it's premature","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=193s"},{"start_seconds":200,"text":"system so it also is interesting as if this thing itself also contained a reference to some other value that it","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=200s"},{"start_seconds":207,"text":"observed so now this guarantees that this message was created after this point and before this point so now we","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=207s"},{"start_seconds":217,"text":"have the status structure right but in codes time but also an order of events","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=217s"},{"start_seconds":224,"text":"and the relative order between them as well as the the up relative amount of","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=224s"},{"start_seconds":230,"text":"time between them right so we call this thing proof of history because it gives","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=230s"},{"start_seconds":237,"text":"you a proof of this historical record so now imagine you have this data structure","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=237s"},{"start_seconds":244,"text":"but I send to you guys you know with a like a thumb drive attached to a carrier pigeon right and you're looking at this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=244s"},{"start_seconds":253,"text":"data structure right and this is like the head pointer this is the last last thing you see and somewhere here you see a network message somewhere here you see","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=253s"},{"start_seconds":262,"text":"a network message somewhere here you see network messages right so given this last thing that you've observed you can","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=262s"},{"start_seconds":270,"text":"compute whatever algorithm you choose the actus that settles a network what's","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=270s"},{"start_seconds":280,"text":"the sense of the network whatever algorithm you choose you could say that somebody had sent like a message once","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=280s"},{"start_seconds":287,"text":"over the last two weeks right yeah make sense whatever it doesn't matter what it is you pick some","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=287s"},{"start_seconds":294,"text":"algorithm right but the point is that at this point this point in the in the lecture right at this point in history","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=294s"},{"start_seconds":301,"text":"which is identified by the count right you know 1 billion and some value 0 X blah blah blah","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=301s"},{"start_seconds":310,"text":"you've decided that this is the state of the network so what's interesting is that everyone else observing this data structure using the same algorithm will","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=310s"},{"start_seconds":318,"text":"decide the exact same state of the network and if we optimistically assume that everybody's looking at this thing","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=318s"},{"start_seconds":327,"text":"then this is how we keep the two generals problem right if everybody optimistically assumes that they're looking at this thing they construct a","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=327s"},{"start_seconds":335,"text":"message that references this value but it's only valid if it appears some time later right when we say we attack right","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=335s"},{"start_seconds":344,"text":"everybody attacks and if we're lucky and everyone did actually observe the same thing you'll see that as evidence here","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=344s"},{"start_seconds":351,"text":"by a bunch of messages to indicate the attack which is concluded from the exact same information everybody everywhere sir","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=351s"},{"start_seconds":359,"text":"so that's fundamentally how our system works is that based on this historical record which is not cryptographic it's","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=359s"},{"start_seconds":368,"text":"not just you know time stamps today ashed in the you know in this right and made up we can actually come to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=368s"},{"start_seconds":376,"text":"agreement about the state of the network and therefore make a decision and that decision is consistent along with everyone else optimistically right and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=376s"},{"start_seconds":385,"text":"so you say we cheating to generous program yeah you so you saying that Solana would survive do you want me to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=385s"},{"start_seconds":394,"text":"have more than one third dimension actors so you can't like there Solutions is the generals problem right","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=394s"},{"start_seconds":403,"text":"do you think that this it would be saved even it is like let's say 40% of well-wishes matters doesn't matter how","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=403s"},{"start_seconds":412,"text":"many malicious actors are because the way you win the two generals problem is they don't say sorry I'm thinking over it the young generals probably doesn't","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=412s"},{"start_seconds":420,"text":"matter the way the way we actually solve it is when we look at this point here we say that we solve it here right you know","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=420s"},{"start_seconds":429,"text":"whatever one hour later we decide oh yeah we did actually solve it and here's the proof right because the system then has evidence that it has come to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=429s"},{"start_seconds":438,"text":"agreement here and it has multiple confirmations and our system just like brew footwork the deeper this event","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=438s"},{"start_seconds":447,"text":"occurs the harder just a role yeah so I can kind of like dive into that so you may have like a bunch of forks but could","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=447s"},{"start_seconds":454,"text":"you only like one hour later yeah no I'm not or not yeah yeah Mon so let's say hypothetically the person who runs the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=454s"},{"start_seconds":462,"text":"roof of history is malicious and he has to force let's say yeah and so he has a second port where he computers the same thing with he meets","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=462s"},{"start_seconds":471,"text":"his modernization yes that's fine so we can kind of get into the consensus priciest one so this part the image so","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=471s"},{"start_seconds":479,"text":"these are talking about the conscious it's just a way for us to have evidence that the message Adam yeah because once you look once you observe this structure you don't really care how","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=479s"},{"start_seconds":488,"text":"it was generated or whether there was multiple leaders two leaders one doesn't matter right kind of the date so everything about the network is derived","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=488s"},{"start_seconds":496,"text":"from the data itself so there's no weak subjectivity and so III as a person consume this thumbdrive how do I verify","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=496s"},{"start_seconds":503,"text":"that all the hashes working good okay so that's where you take your GPU part my","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=503s"},{"start_seconds":509,"text":"fries you look at each slice in between here right and then you use one core and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=509s"},{"start_seconds":517,"text":"every slice and about 4000 slices you can verify it in this envelope so one second can be verified in about a","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=517s"},{"start_seconds":525,"text":"quarter millisecond on you so with 1gb will be very fine for time four thousand times faster yes before before GPUs are","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=525s"},{"start_seconds":534,"text":"16,000 times faster kind of like if you look at your your like entry level of theory of mining running because I told","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=534s"},{"start_seconds":542,"text":"you he is a little gate and then for this position let's say I'm planning to run a some sort of exchange and I need","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=542s"},{"start_seconds":551,"text":"to be absolutely certain you know there's nothing weird happening I need to verify everything from the Java","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=551s"},{"start_seconds":558,"text":"support depends depends that's a complicated question if it's been four","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=558s"},{"start_seconds":567,"text":"years since the Genesis we'll have a very fight in one third of a day right depends on your GPS for parallelizable","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=567s"},{"start_seconds":577,"text":"right that sounds you seem to theme when you eat but in one hour you get spin up","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=577s"},{"start_seconds":584,"text":"you know 100 GPUs make sense good so for verifying you still need to have this checkpoints relative frequency so how","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=584s"},{"start_seconds":593,"text":"big is a data structure we are generating maybe at most two thousand","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=593s"},{"start_seconds":599,"text":"per second and that's simply because so we're kind of target is one gigabit EDB packets there's 64 kilobytes you can","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=599s"},{"start_seconds":607,"text":"generate two thousand of them per second mm yeah yeah Jake wise it's the same","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=607s"},{"start_seconds":614,"text":"thing because every time you encode the message which is like a data packet you need to record the state and the counter","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=614s"},{"start_seconds":624,"text":"yeah II haven't seen before get paper set o first three million if you merely have this yeah you might be more now","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=624s"},{"start_seconds":631,"text":"there's a we haven't measured it but like AMD's thread Ripper has chapter 56 specific instructions and so justin","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=631s"},{"start_seconds":642,"text":"drink is very into details these days right yeah so they want to build this easing that will be completing some other PDF not this one yeah so so our","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=642s"},{"start_seconds":651,"text":"vdf is extremely simple it doesn't do making fancy what they're doing is something that given like let's say 10","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=651s"},{"start_seconds":659,"text":"seconds worth of data the verification time is may be constant or fast like polynomial yeah like so the the difference there's ours","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=659s"},{"start_seconds":668,"text":"grows linearly you know verification time is linear to the CPU time necessary","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=668s"},{"start_seconds":674,"text":"to verify but CPUs double cores every two years so I think by the time they should be v-0 their hardware we would be","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=674s"},{"start_seconds":684,"text":"like an 8000 course right for GPU card well Sam I think unless the meetings","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=684s"},{"start_seconds":691,"text":"unless I remember it from Justin mentioned can wonderful because that's Alana wants to break you suggest now yeah what's your interest if you using","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=691s"},{"start_seconds":698,"text":"different media why when we swap it for something that's not algorithmically better is weird","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=698s"},{"start_seconds":704,"text":"we're not like we don't care no sense yeah but what you would be but the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=704s"},{"start_seconds":713,"text":"properties you want from you gave a very different from what they want like you want it to be you know you may want to begin through producing values 2,000","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=713s"},{"start_seconds":720,"text":"half percent well I'm the inlet problem with the stuff is still in research is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=720s"},{"start_seconds":728,"text":"like they're using snart's and starts and so the complicated things there is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=728s"},{"start_seconds":734,"text":"set up so their approach maybe use a large MPC group but it's like effectively like a snart's tell setup","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=734s"},{"start_seconds":743,"text":"yeah either need a trusted group so you need to make it huge or you need some other mechanism to create like Kennedy","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=743s"},{"start_seconds":749,"text":"initial seed such you know that this wasn't be computed before I know for us because we're using sha-256 very very","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=749s"},{"start_seconds":757,"text":"dump it is to somebody that's been working on operating systems it's very transparent what it does their setup","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=757s"},{"start_seconds":765,"text":"requires this like kind of like you know magic ceremony right not just they use a snark syrup yeah yeah actually do","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=765s"},{"start_seconds":773,"text":"originally starts now you can immediately they just they just computing sound refining operations","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=773s"},{"start_seconds":781,"text":"their operation as a celebrate though the semi prime right yeah yeah so name is Simon crank which is well yeah they're using a prime","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=781s"},{"start_seconds":790,"text":"version of like the hash function they use is like well I'm speculating here","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=790s"},{"start_seconds":797,"text":"but if you're assuming written commands and hash function and you computed the only times you can confuse snark of that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=797s"},{"start_seconds":804,"text":"very easily that means computation is being taxed sure so that's the one part that's","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=804s"},{"start_seconds":813,"text":"complicated the other part is what we're doing is biasing the input every time you have a message in the network we","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=813s"},{"start_seconds":821,"text":"stick it into the into this loop right the frequency of that we can we can make it work with whatever function they do","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=821s"},{"start_seconds":828,"text":"but our main concern here is a security concern is if you can bias this input you can potentially generate a hash","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=828s"},{"start_seconds":837,"text":"function if that if this is not the image secure right if this is not pretty much resistant when you do this message","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=837s"},{"start_seconds":843,"text":"recording we want this part to be guaranteed to be secure especially you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=843s"},{"start_seconds":850,"text":"can't like generate a loop yeah I think well if done I've talked to Justin you feels confident that we can get our","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=850s"},{"start_seconds":857,"text":"stuff working with theirs I trust his opinion I'm happy to switch yeah that was not a problem","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=857s"},{"start_seconds":865,"text":"cool okay so let's see let's say we have the wallet we're gonna do we do men's okay so the main part about why things","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=865s"},{"start_seconds":872,"text":"can be fast with a clock right is because when you do this active sub computation you're doing this without","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=872s"},{"start_seconds":880,"text":"messaging anyone right you got this data structure from a carrier pigeon drive you don't have to talk to me with anyone","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=880s"},{"start_seconds":888,"text":"else in the network you actually do this computation locally and that's the speed-up right because now there's no there's no interactive but you mean you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=888s"},{"start_seconds":898,"text":"have to do with anyone else since they optimistically guessed that I've downloaded the right structure right and I'm gonna send it so why is the best","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=898s"},{"start_seconds":907,"text":"ship Pennings tell you why it's fast right sort of so the second part of why we can leverage","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=907s"},{"start_seconds":917,"text":"this is uses that points because in our setup we have a single leader at a time","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=917s"},{"start_seconds":924,"text":"and a bunch of validators that are receiving this data so validator just","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=924s"},{"start_seconds":931,"text":"don't care how to get this data right because they're deriving everything from the data directly so this leader can broadcast you know one over and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=931s"},{"start_seconds":940,"text":"validators orth of data to each one and then they exchange it so that is effectively BitTorrent and you can scale","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=940s"},{"start_seconds":950,"text":"this out to a log you know tree structure yeah right so the fan out of whatever your fan own is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=950s"},{"start_seconds":959,"text":"we verified this summer about 200 that means that in the second layer of about 40,000 notes so with only two hops","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=959s"},{"start_seconds":968,"text":"so our finality grows with the log of the network size and this fan can be pretty hugest apologies like stabbed","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=968s"},{"start_seconds":974,"text":"Clark it changes all the time yeah there's no like how you get placed a","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=974s"},{"start_seconds":982,"text":"state based it's a base in your state but effectively you know we're trying to get this group to be all the top state","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=982s"},{"start_seconds":989,"text":"nodes and then everyone else and the protocol is designed such that you receive the state of partially from the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=989s"},{"start_seconds":997,"text":"network and it spattered of the race you're coding so if X percentage of the notes or you know malicious or send you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=997s"},{"start_seconds":1005,"text":"bad data or just don't do nothing if that percentage is below the rest your coding you should be able to recover the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1005s"},{"start_seconds":1012,"text":"full data set so I know now that this looks like a wireless network which is like it's all here's a welcome like","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1012s"},{"start_seconds":1020,"text":"actually helps here so there's the leaders so I'm assuming leader gets","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1020s"},{"start_seconds":1028,"text":"rotated as well so here's the fun part now things get interesting cell rotation","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1028s"},{"start_seconds":1035,"text":"right and this is your goes into the consensus portion so imagine we take this timeline and we","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1035s"},{"start_seconds":1045,"text":"divided up into slots and these are these are just basically counters right you know proof in street counter so this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1045s"},{"start_seconds":1053,"text":"is you know one millions is 2 million whatever at every point and every slot there's a single leader that can belt","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1053s"},{"start_seconds":1062,"text":"think and transmit mm-hmm right so this looks like time division multiple access","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1062s"},{"start_seconds":1068,"text":"TDMA one of the earliest wireless protocols we've effectively taken you know the rest of the time and split it","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1068s"},{"start_seconds":1076,"text":"up into slots where any single leader can be the only one that transmits so what that means is me as a validator by","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1076s"},{"start_seconds":1086,"text":"either receive a transmission from this leader right or potentially if I failed","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1086s"},{"start_seconds":1093,"text":"to reassemble the packets a generator virtual tick or a virtual history yeah","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1093s"},{"start_seconds":1099,"text":"because I can derive the history from the last point that I've observed by simply appending perfect like hashes","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1099s"},{"start_seconds":1107,"text":"with no data to it right so now we have like kind of this protocol where the network either receives the data or fails to receive it but it doesn't stop","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1107s"},{"start_seconds":1116,"text":"so let's let's say for perspective or validating to yeah sorry for those Peaks having rather frequently right yeah","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1116s"},{"start_seconds":1125,"text":"so if if I wait first well like if I wait until I'm confident that you know you simulated before it start computing","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1125s"},{"start_seconds":1132,"text":"hashes now you're always computer there's no everybody that comes in theaters hashes but then we we're burning cheese again right no just one","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1132s"},{"start_seconds":1139,"text":"chord for you for no I see yes that's true yeah now we have all the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1139s"},{"start_seconds":1151,"text":"interesting things such as why would they not always be candid they never receive the message yeah yeah so so this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1151s"},{"start_seconds":1158,"text":"is where like things get actually like what do you see branching is the second leader right is either observed a","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1158s"},{"start_seconds":1166,"text":"virtual lecture or a real one when I get to transmit and this is either from here from here right so is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1166s"},{"start_seconds":1174,"text":"the third one that spans this like now this the sterno right but every time like every time there's a new leader a","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1174s"},{"start_seconds":1182,"text":"new slot they have a number of options to pick from from the previous thing that they've observed so the branching","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1182s"},{"start_seconds":1191,"text":"you know kind of starts blowing up here and how we reduce it is I can kind of show you a different tree does that make sense yeah that makes sense I'm wondering","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1191s"},{"start_seconds":1198,"text":"every leader every leader either received the previous leader transmission and says okay I received the data validated it now I'm gonna","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1198s"},{"start_seconds":1206,"text":"transmit or they fail to and they have created a virtual ledger an agent's made from that one big group so there's","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1206s"},{"start_seconds":1217,"text":"options where they received one before one like one one before etcetera right right it gives it any kind how lighting","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1217s"},{"start_seconds":1225,"text":"they are great so at any point right kind of one so this one sends data","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1225s"},{"start_seconds":1231,"text":"l2 gets to decide well did I receive the data or did I receive the virtual you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1231s"},{"start_seconds":1237,"text":"know right so this one goes T or D right","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1237s"},{"start_seconds":1242,"text":"C or D no.3 is over here so the path","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1242s"},{"start_seconds":1252,"text":"here right can come from as if I'll two failed l2 failed to observe l1 right so","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1252s"},{"start_seconds":1262,"text":"they chose feet and I'm free she actually saw like you know also fields of zero one LTO and just T as well and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1262s"},{"start_seconds":1270,"text":"the only way this is chosen is if both of them failed to observe along so that make sense because if l2 transmits data","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1270s"},{"start_seconds":1278,"text":"and this this node observed a failure for a-1 and this data depends on this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1278s"},{"start_seconds":1286,"text":"one it cannot verify but this is correct okay right so it actually skips it and says I'm gonna branch I'm gonna prove","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1286s"},{"start_seconds":1295,"text":"that I've actually generated enough hashes up to now yeah do you transmit yeah so do does not","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1295s"},{"start_seconds":1303,"text":"trust Alto and it just needs its own portion it doesn't just me the portion from a lot yeah in theory might have received l2 without receiving wonder and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1303s"},{"start_seconds":1312,"text":"still choose to both of them yeah because if you not verify them thanks eyes I mean there's repair happening and stuff like that but the idea is that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1312s"},{"start_seconds":1320,"text":"like this snow may actually fail to receive both and well because it failed to receive both its only option is to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1320s"},{"start_seconds":1328,"text":"see both have failed right and what each note does is whenever they observe you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1328s"},{"start_seconds":1336,"text":"know transmission data such that they vote on it they reset their Poh to start running from there so at any point the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1336s"},{"start_seconds":1344,"text":"last thing you voted on that's your kind of starting point and you start producing caches and you can overrun basically everybody else up until it's","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1344s"},{"start_seconds":1353,"text":"your turn for transmit and that could be ten slots it could be five slots it could be zero and then you transmit that Plus hold the virtual ticks you you've","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1353s"},{"start_seconds":1361,"text":"generated and then you just MIT's up to the network so the now we're playing receiving your data can actually derive","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1361s"},{"start_seconds":1367,"text":"it back to write this actually came from here and here's a previous tree that shows that you've waited X amount of","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1367s"},{"start_seconds":1375,"text":"time and what does the for chisel so let's say I see L 3 so 3 is sending me","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1375s"},{"start_seconds":1382,"text":"skills keeps me yeah I prove yes it's what I'm seeing here yes I also see L 2","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1382s"},{"start_seconds":1388,"text":"that sends me effectively transmitted via transmit yeah right but that obviously my like right to the door in","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1388s"},{"start_seconds":1397,"text":"the past which one do issues well like when I don't like the fun part or selection problem so imagine your","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1397s"},{"start_seconds":1406,"text":"validator right and we actually let's go back a little","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1406s"},{"start_seconds":1413,"text":"bit to have consensus works to kind of give a bigger broader picture so you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1413s"},{"start_seconds":1419,"text":"have this proof mystery ledger and imagine is just working kind of like at a very high level okay it's working all","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1419s"},{"start_seconds":1427,"text":"the time and have some votes here right","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1427s"},{"start_seconds":1433,"text":"every time I vote each vote is for a particular type of the ledger and this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1433s"},{"start_seconds":1442,"text":"well starts with a lock-up let's say - and say vote again now this voters a lockout - from this photos to lock out of for right so I","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1442s"},{"start_seconds":1451,"text":"vote again this becomes 4 this becomes 8 this becomes 2 it is that every time I","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1451s"},{"start_seconds":1457,"text":"vote my votes exponentially stack that my lockouts exponentially grow so this kind of gives us the same behaviors","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1457s"},{"start_seconds":1465,"text":"proof-of-work right we're not a pbft or VFT solution right our Airedale abilities who are using kind of the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1465s"},{"start_seconds":1473,"text":"threshold approach but the threshold isn't based on electricity right it's","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1473s"},{"start_seconds":1480,"text":"actually based on time and fundamentally when you look at it it's almost like a drink but the trade-off between availability and consistency can't cheat","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1480s"},{"start_seconds":1490,"text":"cap theorem right and so literally you're shading here what you're saying is I will drop my availability for 8","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1490s"},{"start_seconds":1498,"text":"units of time to break this consistency actually show a couple questions votes is it","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1498s"},{"start_seconds":1505,"text":"the boating is this virtual right so when I'm is a lender you need every validator when they observe your data","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1505s"},{"start_seconds":1513,"text":"they decide to vote on and they voting with a stake and that boat is going to be stored on the ledger so kind of my future in diffusion yeah","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1513s"},{"start_seconds":1522,"text":"so let's say that social leaders so this mode you know maybe we've been recorded","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1522s"},{"start_seconds":1529,"text":"here and actually submit submit information to the nice leaders our hair was in an hour so but I mean the probably need to store 40,000 votes","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1529s"},{"start_seconds":1539,"text":"you could compress them of BLS signatures in quality just a little care about data we have exam measured data for all the data you want","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1539s"},{"start_seconds":1548,"text":"because we we are you know our goal is to you know 200,000 transactions per","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1548s"},{"start_seconds":1556,"text":"second like steady-state right now that's the other thousand cool and again and so for me to understand this law it","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1556s"},{"start_seconds":1565,"text":"means that if this vote is recorded yeah and at some point within less so it is units of time you know sometimes without","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1565s"},{"start_seconds":1574,"text":"most intelligence so if someone else observes me having a","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1574s"},{"start_seconds":1580,"text":"competing vote within less than this is a vote for this particular branch and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1580s"},{"start_seconds":1588,"text":"you voted here right mmm then you get sloshed doesn't Rosen whatever you're","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1588s"},{"start_seconds":1597,"text":"effectively prevented from voting again Mason yeah slashing this what is one","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1597s"},{"start_seconds":1605,"text":"thing we're looking at interestingly all we need to do is actually just frees you from like freeze your account right from","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1605s"},{"start_seconds":1612,"text":"from getting rewards or foreboding mm-hmm as effective a slashing in terms of keeping the network steady no you can","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1612s"},{"start_seconds":1620,"text":"move the money to different count no it's like frozen you can touch it for like six months out right so well they","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1620s"},{"start_seconds":1627,"text":"might say I moved 30 times in a row yeah this time I look up four billion for for all practical purposes everything","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1627s"},{"start_seconds":1634,"text":"exactly so that but then let's say your work happened and actually like this branch was abandoned was like when was","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1634s"},{"start_seconds":1642,"text":"the last time Bitcoin reef reorder 32 I don't like these one that she's very honest exactly attacked right right yeah so pbft","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1642s"},{"start_seconds":1651,"text":"systems just freeze I said for us to the 32 and time units we can define that as","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1651s"},{"start_seconds":1659,"text":"meaning you know in one week financing one we don't care one of those right we can effectively make a practical decision to say that if a 32","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1659s"},{"start_seconds":1669,"text":"blocks deep free or needs to occur the network should basically do nothing for a week yes this should never happens but","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1669s"},{"start_seconds":1677,"text":"if it needs to happen when I said let's put a human constraint on it right and so if someone I paid to her was the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1677s"},{"start_seconds":1686,"text":"majority of really understand that when they give them for about someone yeah happen to have this 20 blows then they say like we set your prices really","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1686s"},{"start_seconds":1695,"text":"neither for a week effect exactly yeah yes it's about we that's that's something we can effectively decide and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1695s"},{"start_seconds":1702,"text":"even make it in that work parameter that the network chooses and you have some extra knowledge of pros let's say they're looking on universe so like 64","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1702s"},{"start_seconds":1709,"text":"and simulation I saw 64 blocks this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1709s"},{"start_seconds":1720,"text":"probably every season get up it's all open source even although all the wards are open source so feel free to like","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1720s"},{"start_seconds":1729,"text":"this crisis file issues you know look at the simulation and like you have some ovations every sinners yeah yeah so that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1729s"},{"start_seconds":1738,"text":"that's a really interesting part so imagine like you guys can observe this happening so and use like a stack yeah","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1738s"},{"start_seconds":1744,"text":"sure so when I vote here these logons doubled mm-hmm right so now this is 4","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1744s"},{"start_seconds":1751,"text":"this is 8 and this is 16 so that means that I can't really both underneath","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1751s"},{"start_seconds":1758,"text":"these branches and let's say this is a dead branch right I have to wait until","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1758s"},{"start_seconds":1766,"text":"this point it's actually both but let's say a bunch of stuff happened and if I","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1766s"},{"start_seconds":1773,"text":"actually voted here what actually happens is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1773s"},{"start_seconds":1781,"text":"you know and let's say this lockup actually expired here right so this phone is expired - okay so Network you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1781s"},{"start_seconds":1789,"text":"know you know he WS had like a sneeze and things stopped working and I only","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1789s"},{"start_seconds":1796,"text":"ended up floating here they actually lockouts are like a stack and the stack is cleared and then your lockout is - again","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1796s"},{"start_seconds":1804,"text":"and this is still 16 question so this is e on the nice thing the next time oh this becomes statically only when this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1804s"},{"start_seconds":1813,"text":"is a high C so the way it works yeah effectively you're building a tower like I initially called a block tower because","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1813s"},{"start_seconds":1819,"text":"if Bob goes thank you thing yeah so if this gets White's this starts at 2 right","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1819s"},{"start_seconds":1828,"text":"now there needs to be two and four right and then until it's fully rebuilt you don't actually get to you know 2 4 8 16","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1828s"},{"start_seconds":1835,"text":"32 the idea here is that anytime you submit a vote if this vote is at a point","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1835s"},{"start_seconds":1842,"text":"that is past any of the lock outs here you clear the whole stack and you start over and this allows you to progressively kind of do your work so","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1842s"},{"start_seconds":1852,"text":"when you vote here and you come into this branch or 32 lockouts you're saying that I'm going to like effectively be","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1852s"},{"start_seconds":1862,"text":"unavailable for X amount of time to break this consistency right so when that actually happens do you remove this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1862s"},{"start_seconds":1871,"text":"vote and you start rebuilding the stack again that make sense yeah perfect sense and this allows like everybody to enroll","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1871s"},{"start_seconds":1878,"text":"what else is interesting is that I can say that at 32 lock out I want to observe 50% of the network to be at the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1878s"},{"start_seconds":1888,"text":"same branch and I can make a greedy choice like this is not even Network enforce so your observed like my into","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1888s"},{"start_seconds":1896,"text":"time to observe 50% already voted on this branch alone or I will not I will not double my lockup past 32 on this branch","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1896s"},{"start_seconds":1903,"text":"unless I've served 50% plus I was in front right thanks don't observe this expired and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1903s"},{"start_seconds":1911,"text":"eventually it gets totally exponent yeah so that is like effectively how the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1911s"},{"start_seconds":1918,"text":"nodes in the network can force to be in the same branch it's because they picked some branch behind right like that's","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1918s"},{"start_seconds":1925,"text":"like at a expiration of you know one hour and they say that they will not commit to a branch and the network","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1925s"},{"start_seconds":1932,"text":"unless an hour ago we see that 50 plus percent of the state pool has committed as well and they told us both","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1932s"},{"start_seconds":1939,"text":"what is the lockout in the total stroke my short so one or two slots one of the slots but you're getting not can do the following getting a vote","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1939s"},{"start_seconds":1947,"text":"wait for it to expire but again wait for it there's pirates will never never so the reward actually comes in 32 right","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1947s"},{"start_seconds":1959,"text":"so when you double again this is DQ'd","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1959s"},{"start_seconds":1961,"text":"and that's your reward so what this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1961s"},{"start_seconds":1974,"text":"actually means is that we are kind of finalizing this ensure you belong right so 32 blocks ago we said that this is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1974s"},{"start_seconds":1981,"text":"the final branch and this is the thing that matters right this is a thing of the network will you know take a big","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1981s"},{"start_seconds":1987,"text":"loss 50% of people voted on this but not all of them know that I'm having a large","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1987s"},{"start_seconds":1996,"text":"Tower try great it just they were so something have less to lose right but your threshold would be set somewhere here somewhere in the middle I'm just saying","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=1996s"},{"start_seconds":2005,"text":"50% that I'm going to say 50% in this maybe are giving to this branch going","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2005s"},{"start_seconds":2013,"text":"back to this right what I can do is I can actually with both my boat and observe both l2 right so I can observe","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2013s"},{"start_seconds":2021,"text":"both of these mmm we can't we can't there's no way for us to stop those from doing this I don't do is not the leader","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2021s"},{"start_seconds":2028,"text":"here right no she was the leader great you and in the case where so let's say so","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2028s"},{"start_seconds":2036,"text":"let's say all tools to live there and this slope yeah alright so this is the stand how the three you had a faster a second over no so let's say this is time","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2036s"},{"start_seconds":2043,"text":"right right yeah okay yeah so they'll to be positive here and nothing was published here yeah but I as on for","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2043s"},{"start_seconds":2050,"text":"willing always choose the one that was later because three is complete so the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2050s"},{"start_seconds":2057,"text":"greedy choice but we want the network to make this two if they have multiple branches friend it should be unlikely","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2057s"},{"start_seconds":2064,"text":"because we're using this forced away all right so you actually have all three generate like some other data before they transmit but thinking sheet they","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2064s"},{"start_seconds":2072,"text":"can use a faster ASIC or this one could just be slower right no so when you actually observe two branches you should pick the one that maximizes the network","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2072s"},{"start_seconds":2081,"text":"reward so maximizes the lockup I see so you because you can examine both branches you can compute all the votes","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2081s"},{"start_seconds":2089,"text":"and you can say that you know branch fund is the one that actually has the most lockup but isn't the point during","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2089s"},{"start_seconds":2097,"text":"treatment the higher the network reward is then we're inflated the salon token the less committed the more there is by","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2097s"},{"start_seconds":2109,"text":"net you know you can be given these lock outs you can actually very easily compute economic finality make sense right and the more economic finality","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2109s"},{"start_seconds":2117,"text":"there isn't a branch that's the branch that you want to be a part of because it's the one where you actually get a reward well the islands die right I see well there's a jump if immediately obvious to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2117s"},{"start_seconds":2126,"text":"me that it like I was multiplied phenomenology but how much these are the tokens right it sort of sounds like a","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2126s"},{"start_seconds":2134,"text":"canary presumably by dushan they're so small so comparators that report to me yes it's like it's an item or a brutal work right every block dilutes Bitcoin","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2134s"},{"start_seconds":2142,"text":"but you don't know my imagine of for ik that is not going to be accepted into the main tree because you're wasting electricity right so similarly here you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2142s"},{"start_seconds":2151,"text":"want to commit to before that has the most economic finality because that's the one that's most likely to survive because really for us lockout is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2151s"},{"start_seconds":2161,"text":"economic finality right mmm-hmm just count those guys who just dropped milk beyond 2 to the 32nd or you also","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2161s"},{"start_seconds":2170,"text":"like trying to predict how much people who get in the future the way it's written right now is it just basically adds up below lockouts from the brandeis of the penicillin so that's and a rough","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2170s"},{"start_seconds":2179,"text":"approximation but then I might consider so let's say everybody has the student a 6 is the same for everybody yeah right now so this is time like the second zero","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2179s"},{"start_seconds":2187,"text":"on the second zero Y of the one second","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2187s"},{"start_seconds":2202,"text":"neither of them would sail to get at your skin Gibbs or something I don't thinking is provided fragile G has only","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2202s"},{"start_seconds":2210,"text":"one block it observed and it could be pretty wealthy in something never right and that would be student right model to have been building for a while","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2210s"},{"start_seconds":2218,"text":"yeah and then at some point only publishes the transmitted message yeah again so this one the effect that we dropped by the network because everyone","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2218s"},{"start_seconds":2226,"text":"that saw this T's have voted okay the majority the network that observe the data has voted when they observed this that doesn't include these votes they","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2226s"},{"start_seconds":2233,"text":"can't actually because they've been poaching yeah then they blocked out right because now if I observed three three data transmissions my lock-on is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2233s"},{"start_seconds":2242,"text":"somewhere here it so this guy's affected me like make sense this is a packet loss","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2242s"},{"start_seconds":2248,"text":"yeah but this T is twice as important","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2248s"},{"start_seconds":2254,"text":"because that means he's there and break so because this leader didn't observe this T they didn't vote of it I'm","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2254s"},{"start_seconds":2263,"text":"assuming that that's whatever the probability but whatever the majority of the network has observed right if the next leader is also in that what you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2263s"},{"start_seconds":2270,"text":"already though I'm going to continue those guys like voyage like for this and I'll treat included holders phones in","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2270s"},{"start_seconds":2279,"text":"the first G and L to like since intuitively think of it this way right I have some probability of success right","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2279s"},{"start_seconds":2288,"text":"and the next leader has some you know other probability of success if all of these are in the majority then you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2288s"},{"start_seconds":2296,"text":"continue kind of but but as soon as somebody's in the you know minority you know fail this node","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2296s"},{"start_seconds":2304,"text":"fails right in the network has X amount of time to kind of get back to the majority state and another question so","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2304s"},{"start_seconds":2312,"text":"that make sense every time like every time we rotate there's some probability that you've observed the data right","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2312s"},{"start_seconds":2320,"text":"right and there's some probability that you're in the majority group and as long as that's true and continues to be true we kind of keep running keep going","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2320s"},{"start_seconds":2327,"text":"forward let's say you make you know the chain of I'm sure the first to transmit the message yeah","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2327s"},{"start_seconds":2334,"text":"and the second leader says how does","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2334s"},{"start_seconds":2342,"text":"begin appear the second the second leader is producing its own Poh from the last vote that they've taken from the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2342s"},{"start_seconds":2350,"text":"last one patrons minute they also prove that you see five disorders I would say say so chibi eventually be inside that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2350s"},{"start_seconds":2359,"text":"isolettes analyzer I saw this transmission which is yeah so I'm gonna be for example from the other one yeah","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2359s"},{"start_seconds":2367,"text":"yeah do people vote on this feat no they accumulate when something is actually","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2367s"},{"start_seconds":2374,"text":"just me yeah these are virtual right they have no data and they can be derived from the point in the state so you might have a technical example this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2374s"},{"start_seconds":2383,"text":"thing has like one vote which was never done because nobody yeah it's going on it while I hear this message even though it is published later yeah","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2383s"},{"start_seconds":2390,"text":"when this time has yeah so late usually","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2390s"},{"start_seconds":2400,"text":"the chain which has much transmissions quickly chosen attach exactly yes yeah so this this kind of saves us in the case if somebody is like built an","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2400s"},{"start_seconds":2409,"text":"asynchronous circuit and they're like you know based it laughs thanks for that and they're like you know generators","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2409s"},{"start_seconds":2416,"text":"government right over and do 80 here one because this will pop a bunch of boards so it will have a lower economic","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2416s"},{"start_seconds":2424,"text":"finality and - right like it doesn't I think you know maybe though yeah but","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2424s"},{"start_seconds":2432,"text":"it's possible to have like a like if you have some portion of the steak you can like flip the finger I think","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2432s"},{"start_seconds":2441,"text":"what is the portion of the state doesn't need to this is this this is like I began to like this this is like an","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2441s"},{"start_seconds":2448,"text":"actual censorship attack yeah right so if you're all four and you're some portion of the steak you can potentially","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2448s"},{"start_seconds":2455,"text":"just overrun the previous leader every time yeah so you do a transmission hear","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2455s"},{"start_seconds":2463,"text":"that everybody yeah kills whatever the snow yes right so and if you're clever I mean you would","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2463s"},{"start_seconds":2471,"text":"include all the validator messages except the one zero the Sun sir hmm and this should be the majority Network so this is like the actual censorship","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2471s"},{"start_seconds":2478,"text":"attack the only way we fight that is the BBS will progressively approach whatever","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2478s"},{"start_seconds":2485,"text":"secret video if you can build and speed so you know a difference between these zero and B one might be to us but if you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2485s"},{"start_seconds":2493,"text":"wanted me to is gonna be fifty percent between b3 and before five percent that's fine but so what's like right now","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2493s"},{"start_seconds":2503,"text":"for example let's say if everybody has the same how genius hardware was a portion of the state to you need to use","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2503s"},{"start_seconds":2512,"text":"what so let's say you have two leaders right now right so the rotation is steak weighted star rated yeah so we the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2512s"},{"start_seconds":2522,"text":"active set right is computed from the network so whatever it is we compute this and then we decide this is the new schedule mmm and you just rotate all the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2522s"},{"start_seconds":2531,"text":"leaders and even if you're you know a little snake known with crappy hardware the only thing that happens is a packet","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2531s"},{"start_seconds":2539,"text":"loss so our goal is to make these slots as fast as possible in theory could be 100 milliseconds because this is not","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2539s"},{"start_seconds":2547,"text":"gonna be computed all the data right before their slot and started transmitting right tomorrow second to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2547s"},{"start_seconds":2555,"text":"China you can you can pipeline it right so the someone who goes to shine all right they might actually be this battle all that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2555s"},{"start_seconds":2564,"text":"right if they're in the minority state group they'll just get kind of censored out potentially but it's permissionless","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2564s"},{"start_seconds":2574,"text":"right okay let's amend an example where","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2574s"},{"start_seconds":2582,"text":"you have a one one accountant that have twenty percent of state right so then if","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2582s"},{"start_seconds":2590,"text":"you don't he later said once once is the time and then they also have same signals votes so Ken's a pretty much do","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2590s"},{"start_seconds":2598,"text":"like transmits you know you could go anymore that's MIT and they add like 2702 this branch with a candid sensor","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2598s"},{"start_seconds":2608,"text":"like the rest of the you know because if they're the rest of the network is observing this but she puts this and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2608s"},{"start_seconds":2615,"text":"they're why they can't choose this unless I mean this is no can choose this right but effectively everyone everybody","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2615s"},{"start_seconds":2623,"text":"else can't choose this branch before that they all on the same branch right right so there will be folks to have","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2623s"},{"start_seconds":2632,"text":"voted for this as well right - I can label that and your arsenal dealer has to skip right yeah those folks would","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2632s"},{"start_seconds":2640,"text":"have to actually actively participate on this if they voted on this they cannot move that that role is over yeah they cannot move them over so","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2640s"},{"start_seconds":2648,"text":"they're locked out right from for a better perspective this transmissions is a failure because it doesn't include their previous boat so it's a purpose it","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2648s"},{"start_seconds":2655,"text":"suffered for so they can't they can't switch over until this expires right","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2655s"},{"start_seconds":2664,"text":"yeah they would have to effectively you can fry them tell them hey you know","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2664s"},{"start_seconds":2671,"text":"don't reward I mean no way right","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2671s"},{"start_seconds":2678,"text":"possible over but you can just you don't even have to do just tell about it if people agree though it's the point they're the main","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2678s"},{"start_seconds":2689,"text":"thing so what's interesting is in our simulation if you have all of all the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2689s"},{"start_seconds":2696,"text":"notes instead instead of picking the branch of the most your to pick the branch that the least reward but still","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2696s"},{"start_seconds":2704,"text":"not allow like let's say I think was the 256 not allowing this lock up to be","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2704s"},{"start_seconds":2710,"text":"under 50% of the network right so knows I just want to disrupt the network they can't actually vote on branches that die","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2710s"},{"start_seconds":2719,"text":"because then they just lock themselves out from the network right so the the thing that they chooses to continue voting in a branch that becomes the main","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2719s"},{"start_seconds":2727,"text":"trunk but always had kind of multiple branches the worst one the one has the least amount of Kannamma canal ax t thus","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2727s"},{"start_seconds":2735,"text":"network still goes forward just about like with everybody being parasitic and moves forward at about like ten percent of the rate so that is a really cool","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2735s"},{"start_seconds":2744,"text":"that means that if the harbor is actually you know you know uniform right we can actually run this thing to be","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2744s"},{"start_seconds":2753,"text":"fairly censorship resistant and fairly kind of attack resistant to parasitic votes that's like if everybody's fair","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2753s"},{"start_seconds":2762,"text":"stating financially yeah it's still those four as well right yeah versus like bitcoin if everybody is voting you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2762s"},{"start_seconds":2770,"text":"know if everybody's student and on-brand right and just like it actually doesn't move forward so I have a couple one of","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2770s"},{"start_seconds":2777,"text":"my short digression is Union feminist right what is that no we don't use rather this also how they were selected like how's the wardrobe leaders rather","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2777s"},{"start_seconds":2786,"text":"this is harder it's very hard to build a random source that is actually secure unless you have","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2786s"},{"start_seconds":2794,"text":"a video so we do it again like our BBF is biased because every time we submit a","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2794s"},{"start_seconds":2801,"text":"message that creates a bias so you could in theory like what would be easy for us to provide us so right you have like","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2801s"},{"start_seconds":2809,"text":"yeah you know TT but you're also everybody's computing these virtual branches from the last transmission but","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2809s"},{"start_seconds":2816,"text":"you can do is use this random value based on this for this block that's not like a big year it's a little week","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2816s"},{"start_seconds":2825,"text":"because anyone was just amazing that's - yeah but that doesn't work because then","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2825s"},{"start_seconds":2834,"text":"everybody is throwing like 32 cores worth of PBS and that is problematic so for us we don't use randomness what we","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2834s"},{"start_seconds":2842,"text":"actually use is just the number but number accounts the height as the seed","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2842s"},{"start_seconds":2849,"text":"to like see the random to just scramble this active stuff actually so it's really just round-robin with a little","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2849s"},{"start_seconds":2856,"text":"bit of reordering as you like the person if I have 10x more stake than you am I","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2856s"},{"start_seconds":2862,"text":"going to be splitting splitting their account so every time this is rotated","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2862s"},{"start_seconds":2870,"text":"over a long time you will be right because this is random enough it's just predictable hopefully it's totally predictable but unbiased able I","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2870s"},{"start_seconds":2879,"text":"see wait a Centon number of accounts so when I had a number of the height so this is like you know 100 million this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2879s"},{"start_seconds":2887,"text":"is actually one enjoy it that's the seed to like that's a some residue this is this you can emote like an advanced","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2887s"},{"start_seconds":2896,"text":"everybody that's going to be scheduled for the rest of time you know in advance everybody was going to write and everybody's participating all regarding","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2896s"},{"start_seconds":2905,"text":"their descent the next they don't decide if you want to participate the when they stake right there's an active so you can decide not to stay if you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2905s"},{"start_seconds":2914,"text":"know what yeah you can pretty much decide to stay or not just split your account and yeah so let's say let's say you don't know I mean you don't have to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2914s"},{"start_seconds":2921,"text":"stake but everybody that's staked that wants to be in the rotation says up there let them practice let's see in","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2921s"},{"start_seconds":2928,"text":"practice 99% of people are just the same if you already less for mining if you're","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2928s"},{"start_seconds":2937,"text":"already my knee doesn't sense to start mining and you cannot mining yes like presumably not that many people who can boarding especially when they have","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2937s"},{"start_seconds":2944,"text":"efficiently operational the operational then it feels like what I can do is I can start I can create one yell any","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2944s"},{"start_seconds":2953,"text":"comments and then start using combinations of all those accounts to see how introducing those into the center validators yeah team comes to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2953s"},{"start_seconds":2960,"text":"order right I find that good one I just move my assets in there so just to make this practical this is computed over like two weeks","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2960s"},{"start_seconds":2968,"text":"right okay so I newbies I get three lines and find it for them to dig somebody else fresh and also their stinking requires like two weeks","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2968s"},{"start_seconds":2976,"text":"for about two weeks cool though you know we just stay human timeouts there so that is pretty much for being","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2976s"},{"start_seconds":2988,"text":"shown for four hours taking pictures full bowls in everybody's like you know","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2988s"},{"start_seconds":2993,"text":"we're all circling with so the second","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=2993s"},{"start_seconds":3001,"text":"question is so the forty thousand notes you drew before energy each of them has a GPU right actually because he showed","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3001s"},{"start_seconds":3008,"text":"them used to validate now that's a point-of-sale terminal yes what sort of both and other noises","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3008s"},{"start_seconds":3015,"text":"yeah this is the complicated part so","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3015s"},{"start_seconds":3021,"text":"this is where Justin's magic PDF that has nice and tonic verification would be grateful to be really useful but because","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3021s"},{"start_seconds":3030,"text":"that's not ready the way we're doing this is your validation message can point to the previous validation sup","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3030s"},{"start_seconds":3038,"text":"right so what use a thin client in fact this is what we're doing for","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3038s"},{"start_seconds":3044,"text":"kind of our like signing in play you can observe that X amount of you know you start with some set of validators right","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3044s"},{"start_seconds":3053,"text":"as you trusted validators like you've observed in that where have you done that attestation right this is my set of senator validators you can observe sets","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3053s"},{"start_seconds":3063,"text":"in the future of votes that's simply point back so now you know that like these guys are directing with","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3063s"},{"start_seconds":3070,"text":"trust us up because they're subset of this as they voted on the branch that you care about so if you know people thinking the hashes per state or the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3070s"},{"start_seconds":3078,"text":"history you just just trust another set of elevators general meaning this is weaker definitely weaker than validating","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3078s"},{"start_seconds":3086,"text":"the time the problem here twos we what you need to do is like actual","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3086s"},{"start_seconds":3094,"text":"transaction validation right like I sent your transaction and you want to quickly verify it and this appears somewhere here in the middle of all these of all","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3094s"},{"start_seconds":3102,"text":"hashes and all the hashes so what we need to do is actually pointers back up here you're like Emeril cheat each","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3102s"},{"start_seconds":3111,"text":"transaction transaction in the history isn't just a confirmation it was received well that's a good information this is valid at this point this is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3111s"},{"start_seconds":3120,"text":"valid this is not like a transaction is only included tickets validated yeah yeah so you're you have an accountant model or you kick so we have an account","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3120s"},{"start_seconds":3129,"text":"level you connect I mean you can in theory have a chip you can submit a transaction that pays out to two different accounts","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3129s"},{"start_seconds":3137,"text":"yeah oh I mean account model of speaking yeah but like for a camel do you includes an infinite transaction","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3137s"},{"start_seconds":3146,"text":"any new brokerage privilege after this transaction of life we just don't allow","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3146s"},{"start_seconds":3152,"text":"them to be in if they fail yeah but what if you if if this is just a payment you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3152s"},{"start_seconds":3160,"text":"can do that but for smart contracts you would need to do that you would have to like pronoun pre write write something that's like a much more complicated","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3160s"},{"start_seconds":3168,"text":"model but if I have joined a network so you aren't validating I need to like rerun it","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3168s"},{"start_seconds":3175,"text":"the transaction suddenly came up to wait these validation messages include effectively the signature the accounts -","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3175s"},{"start_seconds":3182,"text":"right so you can look at the network and see you know everybody is everybody snake is voting for these signatures go","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3182s"},{"start_seconds":3189,"text":"give me a checkpoint and that's not important yeah so voting is doing my daily ever it is whether you're","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3189s"},{"start_seconds":3200,"text":"competing the hashes when did you pee you right so here we have them so so let's haven't come through so let's say like I was the leader and I was like this is my your swamp yeah and then they","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3200s"},{"start_seconds":3208,"text":"try this one is my historia another show - is in industry yeah but then perhaps for else you have sometimes action yeah right and so this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3208s"},{"start_seconds":3217,"text":"is my yeah hash for so the ledger of this is this is also writing in GPU alright so GPU has this like branch","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3217s"},{"start_seconds":3225,"text":"which says it has its transaction the data that you're like submitting to the GPU is just kind of just hashes","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3225s"},{"start_seconds":3233,"text":"contractions yet but this is like a big blob of data and we hashed that honesty right and then we submit these no","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3233s"},{"start_seconds":3241,"text":"transaction that it's like a zero these sort of heaven there's some sort of everything I see I see do do it for each one so you got like","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3241s"},{"start_seconds":3250,"text":"like h10 like every time for million times","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3250s"},{"start_seconds":3257,"text":"garbage so if I know that we don't store the 0 so the zeros in shape the lunch of","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3257s"},{"start_seconds":3268,"text":"data structured just contains the you know effectively number of counts number of hashes number of theö ashes they're","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3268s"},{"start_seconds":3276,"text":"secured in hash and then an optional passion the blog the head love had to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3276s"},{"start_seconds":3287,"text":"specific at this count so when are isolated replaying this you just simply stick it in there but if you also have","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3287s"},{"start_seconds":3295,"text":"you know the transactions effective using a detector yep for this specific step yeah and then how many do have like","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3295s"},{"start_seconds":3303,"text":"pretty much your question is so blob was to kick sorry 64 kilobytes depends on the transaction size because they're smart","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3303s"},{"start_seconds":3312,"text":"contracts very variable right now our maximum is 512 bytes but like a simple","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3312s"},{"start_seconds":3320,"text":"move the smallest one we can come up with this like 176 bytes per transaction","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3320s"},{"start_seconds":3328,"text":"transaction for just a 1 like 1 you know do you need a minute you need to give","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3328s"},{"start_seconds":3337,"text":"you two very file like modern-day GPUs of 16 gigabits per second I look this is from yeah PCI 3 is one gigabit per Lane","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3337s"},{"start_seconds":3348,"text":"yes 16 lines you know if some textual transactions just anything else exactly supposed to fix you actually we actually","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3348s"},{"start_seconds":3356,"text":"do send the whole transaction data because you can't do that maybe signatures per second on CPUs","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3356s"},{"start_seconds":3362,"text":"so we verify signatures right yeah yeah that's our our defense against DDoS is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3362s"},{"start_seconds":3372,"text":"just verifying signatures you know many more signatures per second than that we can actually transmit well that won't","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3372s"},{"start_seconds":3382,"text":"stop like a router attack right like everybody's splitting away yeah and what stream component you know at each node","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3382s"},{"start_seconds":3388,"text":"and verify way more signatures per second but trust me yeah yeah I mean","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3388s"},{"start_seconds":3397,"text":"presumably you're coming you're watching Network from making a link like children","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3397s"},{"start_seconds":3404,"text":"are back here is there any other bar to mention thanks for smart contracts yeah yeah","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3404s"},{"start_seconds":3412,"text":"that is a totally fun from an excel yes our contracts you know what is the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3412s"},{"start_seconds":3420,"text":"transaction for us transaction is well first of all running away the RIA the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3420s"},{"start_seconds":3429,"text":"extra like bottleneck and computation is in CPUs memory right like the the problem with making things go fast is just memory pipelining through the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3429s"},{"start_seconds":3437,"text":"system like if you look at just operating systems and how processes run like what you're dealing with this memory throughput like caches and all","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3437s"},{"start_seconds":3445,"text":"this other stuff so how do we make this fast is every transactions specifies a","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3445s"},{"start_seconds":3452,"text":"bunch of public keys and these keys are","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3452s"},{"start_seconds":3460,"text":"pointers to accounts right and these","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3460s"},{"start_seconds":3468,"text":"accounts have data associated with them and you can think of it as user data","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3468s"},{"start_seconds":3476,"text":"right that's the way I think of it is we have a operating system with a single address space it just happens to be the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3476s"},{"start_seconds":3485,"text":"size of public keys right so 256 bit address space but but also memory","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3485s"},{"start_seconds":3492,"text":"protection so these accounts are assigned to process right my process I","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3492s"},{"start_seconds":3499,"text":"mean you know there's some account here","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3499s"},{"start_seconds":3502,"text":"whose data contains program code and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3502s"},{"start_seconds":3512,"text":"this code is just code it has no state so this program code is a state transition function over these accounts","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3512s"},{"start_seconds":3520,"text":"and the accounts that are assigned to this this is the only code they can modify the data so whenever you doing","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3520s"},{"start_seconds":3528,"text":"assignment the status bits are zero and this code is the only thing that can flip those bits right so every time you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3528s"},{"start_seconds":3536,"text":"submit a transaction it does some bit slipping here so what else you can do music and moves tokens around you know","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3536s"},{"start_seconds":3542,"text":"power at once and it can also pay out tokens to external to external accounts","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3542s"},{"start_seconds":3550,"text":"this is outside of just code right no this code does this modification and then when we you know this the sectional","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3550s"},{"start_seconds":3558,"text":"program can run on GPUs right our bytecode is that it's like very very simple it's culbreth a packet filter it's designed for porting into any","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3558s"},{"start_seconds":3567,"text":"architecture you want so we can actually report it to spear five so we can execute all these programs on Jake and then on the pager who's beta first","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3567s"},{"start_seconds":3576,"text":"and DW yep go fetch it go run all the stuff in parallel get them out of negations back and the only thing or","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3576s"},{"start_seconds":3584,"text":"validating is that if the data isn't modified that it was done by this program right and if there's tokens that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3584s"},{"start_seconds":3591,"text":"have been around that tokens going out where it moved you know that this program didn't spend any external tokens","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3591s"},{"start_seconds":3599,"text":"and that that's a little somewhat soaked into the same but there's a bucket here I mean maybe it's okay yeah the actual","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3599s"},{"start_seconds":3607,"text":"thing that pays for CP and the storage delivery so if you're going to be few for example moving some other like yeah","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3607s"},{"start_seconds":3617,"text":"that's just data modification at state that's a big we don't really know what that is but because actively every","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3617s"},{"start_seconds":3626,"text":"transaction in fact that we specifies all the memory regions it needs to access we can schedule","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3626s"},{"start_seconds":3633,"text":"yeah and what might you just compile for that Michael it's alluvium backends so","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3633s"},{"start_seconds":3641,"text":"anything from a yeah the backend is kind of weak it's a little weak doesn't support like all the features yet but that's just it's just","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3641s"},{"start_seconds":3650,"text":"work Wow so if you have anybody know the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3650s"},{"start_seconds":3658,"text":"M character GPU why we still write CUDA","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3658s"},{"start_seconds":3663,"text":"no you can use as LVM yeah problem is amount so we have a bytecode","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3663s"},{"start_seconds":3672,"text":"that is very stable right this is a very stable byte gonna be Unchained forever yeah and we can pour it into whatever","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3672s"},{"start_seconds":3681,"text":"architecture happens to be the fastest one it may be for some use cases that spear 5 is the fastest thing but for","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3681s"},{"start_seconds":3688,"text":"others it's not like x86 so we want to really keep it in this very simple to manage intermediate state so right now if you get all this programs on GPU is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3688s"},{"start_seconds":3697,"text":"oh maybe sounds them may be way more efficient don't seek on SSDs fashion right now it's all CP this alright also","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3697s"},{"start_seconds":3703,"text":"give it yes you guys want to some to spear five you can use the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3703s"},{"start_seconds":3714,"text":"engine in your flock shape under chin yeah so what's awesome about like using","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3714s"},{"start_seconds":3723,"text":"a GPU for contract execution is if you have a spike like cryptokeys yeah right the same program code can execute many","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3723s"},{"start_seconds":3732,"text":"many many different transactions at the same time on the GPU because you have this like massive Carol massive amounts of planes for the same code so if you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3732s"},{"start_seconds":3741,"text":"had a cryptic Hades like spike you actually don't use a different thread per transaction use one thread that goes","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3741s"},{"start_seconds":3748,"text":"over this enormous league-wide wait yeah so that is like the really awesome thing","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3748s"},{"start_seconds":3756,"text":"it's like I don't you to write it just schedule space doesn't data access right not what CPU threads because you have to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3756s"},{"start_seconds":3765,"text":"use like vectorize code so like something like a bx mm-hmm but the evenings by planets like really really","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3765s"},{"start_seconds":3774,"text":"limited for a massive parallelization compared to a GPU one so in theory right","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3774s"},{"start_seconds":3785,"text":"the cost of executed like a more popular program should actually be lower for the network pretty casual","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3785s"},{"start_seconds":3793,"text":"yeah like you don't need to page then right and you're effectively just reusing of these lands will see is that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3793s"},{"start_seconds":3802,"text":"these other practice have to be measured yeah it looks like it'll work in theory","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3802s"},{"start_seconds":3808,"text":"but this is done when like honey in your case kind of no second increment check so like no way so you have a bunch of","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3808s"},{"start_seconds":3817,"text":"transactions they're all for crypto keys right yeah there's a one contract that sticks up to get a scotch other than a meter behind okay so I collect some transactions","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3817s"},{"start_seconds":3825,"text":"execute them you need a man like I don't need to do it anymore so but if that's like the defense the popular transaction","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3825s"},{"start_seconds":3833,"text":"that's being thrilled Internet we're like they're all the time you can leave this program in the cash right because you know that like hey everybody's flooding in that work","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3833s"},{"start_seconds":3841,"text":"with these crypto kitties transactions right cool those are like levels of","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3841s"},{"start_seconds":3847,"text":"optimization that I don't know but there's fun fun to worry about so let's finish with a few non technical","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3847s"},{"start_seconds":3856,"text":"questions way and when is the man that the hardest questions so our goal is to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3856s"},{"start_seconds":3863,"text":"PFC effectively can enter January and then made that will feature and I think","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3863s"},{"start_seconds":3870,"text":"by maybe more legal side than the US awesome cool okay master I'm here yeah","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3870s"},{"start_seconds":3877,"text":"thanks a lot for questions yeah cool cool yeah feel free to ask questions on","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3877s"},{"start_seconds":3886,"text":"YouTube yeah yeah","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync&t=3886s"}],"youtube_url":"https://youtube.com/watch?v=rKGhbC6Uync","url":"https://near-pedia.xyz/videos/rKGhbC6Uync"}