{"id":"QbbGFP1ptpg","title":"L1C1 - Where Are We in terms of recent and relevant human history","description":"NEAR Certified Developer\n\nThis course is an opportunity for web developers to earn a Certificate of Completion that represents the ability to design, develop, test and deploy smart contracts on the NEAR platform.\n\nSlides: http://bit.ly/near-ncd\n\nOverview\n\nDuring this course we practice the following:\n\nperceiving web 3 in the context of human history\nreading contract code in Rust and AssemblyScript\nwriting contracts using Rust and AssemblyScript\ntesting contracts using unit and simulation tests\ndeploying contracts and a sensible user interface\n\n---\n\nFollow the latest from NEAR Protocol on:\nWebsite: https://near.org/\nDiscord: https://near.chat/\nBlog: https://near.org/blog/\nTwitter:   / nearprotocol  \nGitHub: https://github.com/near  https://github.com/nearprotocol\n#Blockchain #FutureIsNEAR #NEAR #nearprotocol","channel_name":"NEAR Protocol","published_at":"2021-07-14T00:00:00.000Z","thumbnail_url":"https://img.youtube.com/vi/QbbGFP1ptpg/hqdefault.jpg","transcript_text":"uh this slide will be uh kind of marking a transition uh you know so um so so so who where are we right now uh that's who's here in the room you saw um uh the answers to those questions where are we very briefly some of you know this better than i do uh so i'm not gonna uh kind of inflict my uh perspective uh except to spend maybe a minute on this uh if you imagine a sort of a rainbow uh you know of of progress from somewhere in the mid 1900s reaching into this decade web zero shrunk computers down from the size of a house to the mobile phone in your pocket that is uh that is always connected with high-speed internet um the readable web may be starting with arpanet through universities uh you know encyclopedia britannica online and aol uh down to uh you can ask siri today for the weather tomorrow and siri will read the web to tell you the writable web starting with maybe bulletin board systems in the 80s through uh you know http html css a little bit of javascript or whatever to make things blink and then social networks to uh tick-tock and uh what what's the thing everybody's on today the the perpetual phone call people spend like five to ten hours a day talking about blockchain on it i can't remember um maybe one of you knows the name of the clubhouse clubhouse yeah so so there there's there's the writable web uh for you um and uh the trusted web starting in uh maybe uh you could say 1976 with diffie-hellman's paper and crediting merkel for public key cryptography cham in the early 80s with a bunch of ideas that led effectively i think to something he called ecash um and then uh hashcash with zabo nick zabos hashcash adam back and and some of of his uh you know work conversations with with weidai and b-money uh some people you know calling him satoshi 2008 uh a paper uh getting published uh that basically combines um you know bittorrent sort of decentralized computing uh and storage um uh cryptographically verifiable signatures uh and transactions and a triple ledger public ledger so not the single ledger the double ledger of you know the last few hundred years but a triple ledger with a public copy those three technologies together form bitcoin and then on top of that ethereum with a turing complete virtual machine uh and now with you know the the half dozen or dozen uh organizations competing to solve scalability um and uh and speed and cost so so that's that's the trusted web effectively a layer on top of which we can we can put anything we care about because this layer makes it too expensive to lie it is effectively the truth um some people call it a trust machine and on top of this thing now we can basically put uh you know things like identity money ownership provenance uh all the stuff providence is like you know where did something come from um all of the things that actually matter to us as human beings and and the idea is that this is potentially transformative if you watch the videos in the day zero there was a series of four or five videos that would basically paint this picture for you and so what we've got now is dao's token economics and mechanism design basically starting backwards uh with you know how to how to create incentive systems and total just intermediation you know a civics api that lets you decide how you want to help out in the local government maybe you know you can request a speed bump as easily as you can you know i don't know file a report about having seen some bird somewhere that shouldn't be there border api where we can programmatically uh you know enhance border crossings in ways that are amenable to us or localizable effectively a human's api with incentivization programs but uh now i'm just waving my hands around i don't actually know what i'm talking about so if you if you kind of look at the the market bitcoin uh we just talked about this cryptographically verifiable verifiable transactions decentralized storage and compute in a public ledger ethereum is bitcoin technology plus the turing complete virtual machine with on-chain inputs and outputs the code and the data being uh saved on chain the problem here is that it's expensive low throughput and hard to scale and so nier polkadot solana avalanche and others uh are solving uh this you know uh cardano dfinity uh um well anyway lots of others i guess about 10 or 15 companies some of you probably know this list better than i do and a huge grain of salt please with this image because i got some serious pushback from folks on the team that this is a ridiculously simplified picture uh and and almost doesn't make any sense so please please forgive me but i do think it's useful uh in the sense that uh if you think about sort of how these different organizations are trying to scale uh nir has these transactions coming in the transactions get routed to a different char depending on the receiver account i know the most about nir obviously and then that creates what's called an action receipt uh in in the the next block that's available that action receipt might generate multiple other action receipts that cross contract calls basically across shards uh which are then resolved into data receipts uh to get back the result to whoever the caller was and again overly simplified mechanism here but but that's that's basically the scalability story is the yellow highlighted multiple shards in near currently main nets running on one shard before the end of the year it'll be running on i guess eight shards or something like that sorry somebody had a question no okay uh yeah feel free to interrupt by the way highly interruptible um so just because i like to hear the sound of my own voice doesn't mean you can't stop me and say something um so um so polka dot taking in transactions to different para chains while on near each shard is homogeneous it's the same kind of transactions but basically scaling outwards in polka dot the pair chains are heterogeneous meaning they're different they could have their own economy their own token their own dynamics their own rules and that's one of the strengths of polkadot is you can basically design your own blockchain and then hook it up to the relay chain and their scalability story comes from these para chains that 50 to 100 pair chains whatever you can add and then more so secondary para chains so this this kind of goes out if you imagine like a fractal tree kind of growing out at the leaves with pair chains i don't know how many layers it goes maybe two or three i'm not really sure but i've only seen mention of secondary pair of chains in the end it's a it's a pretty big scalability story solana their scalability story is in uh parallelizing work that has been predetermined in terms of time so there's a leader that basically time stamps every single transaction as it comes through that's the little timer right there then things get paralyzed transactions they get processed in parallel and then aggregated by something i guess called an archiver where you can see transactions one two and three are sequenced now in the in the proper order okay again if you know more about this than i do i need you to say something you know in discord or in this meeting and say you know what that's totally wrong i'll get you a better picture i would be so grateful to you uh this isn't about what i know uh this is about framing the conversation okay um avalanche here basically specializing three different chains c chain for you know evm related work like ethereum an exchange for token exchange uh token economics that kind of stuff i guess and then a p chain for for governance uh related work different chains they don't talk to each other is my understanding they kind of do their own thing and there was some news about the c chain recently uh you know for example that was you know recovered very well and and all sorts of um uh sort of activities so if you hear about that or you read about uh avalanche in the news for example this will give you a mental model for what's happening there and obviously the team uh you know is is handling that as effectively as any of these other teams are so um it's uh so so far it seems like everybody's got an interesting story uh and again uh this is not uh potentially uh accurate and it's certainly not complete there's a lot more detail to all of this stuff i just wanted to give you something to hold on to like what are people doing to hold to try and solve this problem and here's my thinking on it","transcript_synced_at":"2026-11-04T04:14:26.450Z","segments":[{"start_seconds":9,"text":"uh this slide will be uh kind of marking a transition uh you know so um so so so who where are we right now","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=9s"},{"start_seconds":16,"text":"uh that's who's here in the room you saw um uh the answers to those questions where are we very briefly some of you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=16s"},{"start_seconds":26,"text":"know this better than i do uh so i'm not gonna uh kind of inflict my uh perspective uh except to spend maybe a","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=26s"},{"start_seconds":35,"text":"minute on this uh if you imagine a sort of a rainbow uh you know of of progress from somewhere in the mid 1900s reaching into this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=35s"},{"start_seconds":44,"text":"decade web zero shrunk computers down from the size of a house to the mobile phone in your pocket that is uh that is always","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=44s"},{"start_seconds":51,"text":"connected with high-speed internet um the readable web may be starting with arpanet through universities uh you know","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=51s"},{"start_seconds":59,"text":"encyclopedia britannica online and aol uh down to uh you can ask siri today for the weather tomorrow and siri will read","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=59s"},{"start_seconds":66,"text":"the web to tell you the writable web starting with maybe bulletin board systems in the 80s","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=66s"},{"start_seconds":73,"text":"through uh you know http html css a little bit of","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=73s"},{"start_seconds":80,"text":"javascript or whatever to make things blink and then social networks to uh tick-tock","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=80s"},{"start_seconds":87,"text":"and uh what what's the thing everybody's on today the the perpetual phone call people spend like five to ten hours a day talking about blockchain on it i","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=87s"},{"start_seconds":95,"text":"can't remember um maybe one of you knows the name of the clubhouse clubhouse yeah so so there there's there's the writable","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=95s"},{"start_seconds":103,"text":"web uh for you um and uh the trusted web starting in uh maybe uh you could say 1976 with","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=103s"},{"start_seconds":110,"text":"diffie-hellman's paper and crediting merkel for public key cryptography cham in the early 80s with a bunch of ideas that led effectively","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=110s"},{"start_seconds":119,"text":"i think to something he called ecash um and then uh hashcash with zabo nick zabos hashcash","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=119s"},{"start_seconds":127,"text":"adam back and and some of of his uh you know work conversations with with weidai and b-money","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=127s"},{"start_seconds":135,"text":"uh some people you know calling him satoshi 2008 uh a paper uh getting published uh that basically combines","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=135s"},{"start_seconds":144,"text":"um you know bittorrent sort of decentralized computing uh and storage um uh cryptographically","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=144s"},{"start_seconds":151,"text":"verifiable signatures uh and transactions and a triple ledger public ledger so not the single ledger the double ledger of you know the last","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=151s"},{"start_seconds":160,"text":"few hundred years but a triple ledger with a public copy those three technologies together form bitcoin and then on top of that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=160s"},{"start_seconds":168,"text":"ethereum with a turing complete virtual machine uh and now with you know the the half dozen or dozen uh organizations competing to solve","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=168s"},{"start_seconds":176,"text":"scalability um and uh and speed and cost so so that's that's the trusted web effectively","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=176s"},{"start_seconds":184,"text":"a layer on top of which we can we can put anything we care about because this layer makes it too expensive to lie it is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=184s"},{"start_seconds":193,"text":"effectively the truth um some people call it a trust machine and on top of this thing now we can basically put uh you know things like identity money","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=193s"},{"start_seconds":202,"text":"ownership provenance uh all the stuff providence is like you know where did something come from um all of the things that actually matter to us as human beings and and the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=202s"},{"start_seconds":210,"text":"idea is that this is potentially transformative if you watch the videos in the day zero there was a series of four or five videos that would basically paint this picture for you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=210s"},{"start_seconds":217,"text":"and so what we've got now is dao's token economics and mechanism design basically starting backwards uh with you know how to how to create incentive systems","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=217s"},{"start_seconds":226,"text":"and total just intermediation you know a civics api that lets you decide how you want to help out in the local government maybe you know you can request a speed","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=226s"},{"start_seconds":233,"text":"bump as easily as you can you know i don't know file a report about having seen some bird somewhere that shouldn't be there border","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=233s"},{"start_seconds":242,"text":"api where we can programmatically uh you know enhance border crossings in ways that are amenable to us or","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=242s"},{"start_seconds":249,"text":"localizable effectively a human's api with incentivization programs but uh now i'm just waving my hands around i don't","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=249s"},{"start_seconds":256,"text":"actually know what i'm talking about so if you if you kind of look at the the market bitcoin uh we just talked about this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=256s"},{"start_seconds":264,"text":"cryptographically verifiable verifiable transactions decentralized storage and compute in a public ledger ethereum is bitcoin technology plus the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=264s"},{"start_seconds":272,"text":"turing complete virtual machine with on-chain inputs and outputs the code and the data being uh saved on chain the problem here is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=272s"},{"start_seconds":280,"text":"that it's expensive low throughput and hard to scale and so nier polkadot solana avalanche and others uh are solving uh this you know uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=280s"},{"start_seconds":288,"text":"cardano dfinity uh um well anyway lots of others i guess about 10 or 15 companies some of you probably know this list better than i do","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=288s"},{"start_seconds":296,"text":"and a huge grain of salt please with this image because i got some serious pushback from folks on the team that this is a ridiculously simplified","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=296s"},{"start_seconds":305,"text":"picture uh and and almost doesn't make any sense so please please forgive me but i do think it's","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=305s"},{"start_seconds":313,"text":"useful uh in the sense that uh if you think about sort of how these different organizations are trying to scale","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=313s"},{"start_seconds":320,"text":"uh nir has these transactions coming in the transactions get routed to a different char depending on the receiver account i know the most about nir obviously","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=320s"},{"start_seconds":329,"text":"and then that creates what's called an action receipt uh in in the the next block that's available that action receipt might generate multiple other action","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=329s"},{"start_seconds":338,"text":"receipts that cross contract calls basically across shards uh which are then resolved into data receipts uh to get back the result to whoever the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=338s"},{"start_seconds":346,"text":"caller was and again overly simplified mechanism here but but that's that's basically the scalability story is the yellow highlighted multiple","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=346s"},{"start_seconds":354,"text":"shards in near currently main nets running on one shard before the end of the year it'll be running on i guess eight shards or something like that sorry somebody had a","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=354s"},{"start_seconds":362,"text":"question no okay uh yeah feel free to interrupt by the way highly interruptible um so just because i like to hear the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=362s"},{"start_seconds":369,"text":"sound of my own voice doesn't mean you can't stop me and say something um so um so polka dot taking in transactions to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=369s"},{"start_seconds":378,"text":"different para chains while on near each shard is homogeneous it's the same kind of transactions but basically scaling outwards in polka dot","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=378s"},{"start_seconds":387,"text":"the pair chains are heterogeneous meaning they're different they could have their own economy their own token their own dynamics their own rules and that's one of the strengths of","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=387s"},{"start_seconds":395,"text":"polkadot is you can basically design your own blockchain and then hook it up to the relay chain and their scalability story comes from these para chains that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=395s"},{"start_seconds":403,"text":"50 to 100 pair chains whatever you can add and then more so secondary para chains so this this kind of goes out if you imagine like a fractal tree","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=403s"},{"start_seconds":411,"text":"kind of growing out at the leaves with pair chains i don't know how many layers it goes maybe two or three i'm not really sure but i've only seen mention of secondary pair","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=411s"},{"start_seconds":418,"text":"of chains in the end it's a it's a pretty big scalability story solana their scalability story is in","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=418s"},{"start_seconds":425,"text":"uh parallelizing work that has been predetermined in terms of time so there's a leader that basically time stamps every single transaction as","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=425s"},{"start_seconds":434,"text":"it comes through that's the little timer right there then things get paralyzed transactions they get processed in parallel and then aggregated by something i guess","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=434s"},{"start_seconds":442,"text":"called an archiver where you can see transactions one two and three are sequenced now in the in the proper order okay again if you know more about this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=442s"},{"start_seconds":449,"text":"than i do i need you to say something you know in discord or in this meeting and say you know what that's totally wrong i'll get you a better picture","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=449s"},{"start_seconds":457,"text":"i would be so grateful to you uh this isn't about what i know uh this is about framing the conversation okay","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=457s"},{"start_seconds":464,"text":"um avalanche here basically specializing three different chains c chain for you know evm related work like ethereum","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=464s"},{"start_seconds":472,"text":"an exchange for token exchange uh token economics that kind of stuff i guess and then a p chain for for governance uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=472s"},{"start_seconds":479,"text":"related work different chains they don't talk to each other is my understanding they kind of do their own thing and there was some news about the c","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=479s"},{"start_seconds":487,"text":"chain recently uh you know for example that was you know recovered very well and and all sorts of um uh sort of activities so if you hear","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=487s"},{"start_seconds":495,"text":"about that or you read about uh avalanche in the news for example this will give you a mental model for what's happening there and obviously the team uh you know is is handling that as","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=495s"},{"start_seconds":504,"text":"effectively as any of these other teams are so um it's uh so so far it seems like everybody's got an interesting story","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=504s"},{"start_seconds":510,"text":"uh and again uh this is not uh potentially uh accurate and it's certainly not complete there's a lot","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=510s"},{"start_seconds":519,"text":"more detail to all of this stuff i just wanted to give you something to hold on to like what are people doing to hold to try and solve this problem and here's my","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=519s"},{"start_seconds":526,"text":"thinking on it","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg&t=526s"}],"youtube_url":"https://youtube.com/watch?v=QbbGFP1ptpg","url":"https://near-pedia.xyz/videos/QbbGFP1ptpg"}