{"id":"OcE8Cwwjfiw","title":"Talking all things Nightshade 2.0 - Learn about state of the art validation on NEAR Protocol","description":"A DevHub Live collaboration with NEAR Protocol.\n\nThe NEAR Protocol is taking a giant leap forward with the launch of Nightshade 2.0 on Mainnet. This latest upgrade significantly boosts performance and decentralization, introducing stateless validation and enhancing single-shard performance. It also increases capacity for more shards, setting the stage for further scalability—without disrupting developers or users.\n\nBowen Wang - NEAR One https://x.com/BowenWang18\nJoe Spano - Devhub https://x.com/joespano_\n\n🔔 What’s New:\n\n• Stateless Validation: Allowing NEAR validators to retrieve the data they need from the network, eliminating the need to maintain shard states locally.\n\n• Scalability & Usability Enhancements: Nightshade 2.0 improves single-shard performance and prepares NEAR for more shards, with a target of 10 by the end of 2024.\n\n• Advancing NEAR's Vision: This upgrade supports NEAR’s infrastructure, enabling the ecosystem to grow with more consumer apps, Chain Abstraction, modularity, DeFi, and User-Owned AI—paving the way to a billion users and beyond.\n\nReady to deep dive some more:\n• NEAR One https://nearone.org/\n• Bowen’s presentation from Stanford Blockchain Conference BASS event about Nightshade 2.0 https://www.youtube.com/live/LFCS5m4x...\n• Illia and Bowen’s Whiteboard Series episode on NEAR    • Whiteboard Series with NEAR | Ep: 55 ...  \n• Nightshade 2.0 white paper https://discovery-domain.org/papers/n...","channel_name":"NEAR DevHub","published_at":"2024-08-22T00:00:00.000Z","thumbnail_url":"https://img.youtube.com/vi/OcE8Cwwjfiw/hqdefault.jpg","transcript_text":"n hey welcome to this not quite Dev Hub live I was a cross collaboration here today with the near Foundation to talk about a really exciting new event that just happened here on near uh Nightshade 2.0 uh if you've been following along or even if you haven't uh Nightshade is part of the validation process here and it introduces now with 2.0 stateless validation uh we're super excited for me to have my co-host here Owen from devhub who's one of our devs and our special guest today is Bowen Wang and he is the head of protocol is that how your title y uh and he's going to talk all about from you know what 2. night shade 2.0 is what's different about it we're going to get all the different details and how this affects uh users and everything about the network it's going to be everything you've ever wanted to know uh about uh you know Nightshade 2.0 validation all those type of things uh so welcome uh bone thanks for joining us today yes it's great to be here and uh happy to talk about the great milestone that we've just achieved yeah this is a really exciting time in the near ecosystem can you just give us like a start with a highlevel overview of like what night shade 2.0 is and how that fits into the validation process of near yeah so um as some of you might know nice is the original your sharing design and it is basically this full design for a complete uh sharded blockchain both in terms of state sharding and also transaction processing sharding um and um um n 2.0 2.0 is basically you can single version upgrade to the architecture where uh it introduces um stus validation and it actually um improves upon the original design by making it uh both much easier to implement but also uh give rise to the possibility of much higher performance on each single chart uh and um there are many other potential benefits like better decentralization because V running uh can run lower and hardware and also more future proof that it's uh it kind of positions uh the protocol uh to be more ready for eventual ZK ad option uh down the line no that that's that's awesome so when we started we started to think about what night shade 2.0 would be like what kicked off the motivation to make this change from the original design to this yeah so the ordin design was uh very elegant U but it had a a critical Reliance on uh fraud proofs so this is just kind of same concept as um uh as you have in optimistic rollups and uh uh you know if there's anything we learned from the world of optimistic rollups is that fraud proof is really hard and it's even hard for for near because um in optimistic rollup you're essentially single single sharded if you think about that way uh and um you know when when um fraud proof needs to be processed the uh uh the consequences that need to happen is still more uh local or like Within A Single Shard so to speak uh but the in a charting Network that becomes way more complex and even in the world of optimistic rollups still that you know people are having trouble getting to a permission fra proof uh setup um so it yeah it's even more difficult there and and while you know on paper that that looks nice right the design looks nice um when it come actually comes to the implementation um it becomes incredibly difficult and that's what motivated us to explore Alternatives nice nice yeah I I you know one of the things that sometimes people take for granted obviously is how this whole network works and you know what actually makes something centralized is this actually adding to the decentralization of near uh yes so it basically um so before the the architecture is that well every single validator on the network would produce U chunk for for some shart right so in order for you to produce chunk for some shart you must have the state uh of the shart right so meaning that all the Val there no matter how how much State you have and what not you all need to uh at least have the state of of one Shard uh in in this design and that means you know you need to store download the state store the state locally and and you know process uh blocks and chunks which a state um so overall it's U relatively expensive uh from the storage point of view uh and now with the uh switch to n 2.0 um the validators on the network don't actually need to store any state locally they validate by downloading the state witness alongside with the chunk and they can verify the chunk using this witness without having to maintain and state locally now there is a separate group of people called chunk producers uh who actually does um chunk production for some specific Shard for one one Shard um and they do need to have the state but uh that's a relatively small part of the entire uh you know consensus participating not and um they can afford to draw more expensive Hardware because they are the ones with more stake um and then you know this uh why why this improved decentral iation is that it kind of uh lowers the barrier of entry on the hardware level for the the vage out there and you can potentially have a lot more validators um with you know running not as expensive Hardware um and um yeah so basically this help us uh expand uh the validator set so with this expanding of the validator set will this likely increase the number total number of shards on the network uh it will come down the line uh not uh not right now as part of this release so um you know if you think about um the NIT 2.0 I I I I often think of it as uh A New Beginning the beginning of a new chapter rather than uh some kind of like end State on its own right so what we did is that we essentially transformed um the architecture of the entire network like the entire protocol to this new design uh but we're not actually um fully leveraging or like maximizing the potential of this design also in the same release um that is basically for future work so as part of this release we're not actually changing the the number of shards on the network um or like directly improving performance right away but basically um it's just like massive um underlying architectural upgrade that really prepare us both for getting more shards um down the line and also uh significantly improve uh Single Shard performance uh so we have a goal to uh get to uh 10 shards by the by the end of the year uh and also um dramatically improve uh the performance of each single sh awesome we'll hold you to that one um so you've talked a a lot about like the benefits of n shade 2.0 are there any drawbacks uh to this design uh yeah so one of the uh I don't know if you I would say like tradeoff right not necessarily uh put it as like a drawback but one of the trade-off is that because um we're now having to um transmit State witness across the network uh it what what it means is that uh it uh um it the network usage of validators would potentially go up um and uh I think this is more of a uh uh I would say probably a short-term problem so we're both working on optimizing the size of stupidness so that you can reduce uh the amount of data that needs to be transmitted um in order for validators to validate those chunks uh but also at the same time right you know if we look at the future uh from like a future facing point of view um once the once Z knowledge proof technology becomes mature enough can can be integrated into into near uh then you know you we can essentially replace the stick witness with one zero knowledge proof then becomes extremely small you know on the order of like a few hundred bytes to you know a few hundred kilobytes uh and also extremely cheap to to verify so um I would say it is a trade-off that we're consciously making but but but at the same time I think um it is both beneficial for the network right now and also uh it would really prepare us for this uh future where it this would no longer be a trade it just like at Advantage MH one of the things that comes to mind here is so there's these different changes here you're talking about of how the validation set is set up uh what is changing if anything for the developers do as a developer do we have to be aware of any of this or is this going to just naturally improve what we're doing yeah so I think uh one of the the great uh benefits uh that we get from this uh upgrade is that it's entirely transparent to to developers right so basically you as a smart contract developer you don't have to think about any of this underlying change um for you like this architectural change from um the what we had before to n 2.0 um is basically uh yeah doesn't doesn't really affect the developers um I mean there are some uh small um gas cost changes that may affect certain Corner cases uh but overall the the developers are not even aware of the online upgrade as if nothing nothing really happened and and I think uh that that is a great achievement on its own considering the scale of the upgrade and I think this is something you've done such a great job at from the from the get-go like having um like six shards I think we're at now and you don't even have to know like what account your Shard is on what contract uh you're interacting with you don't need to think about these shards you've done such a great job at abstracting this idea um of sh I yeah I would say that's um one of the design philosophies um behind near from from day one right basically uh we wanted to be really easy for developers to uh develop and deploy smart contract and as result we think is um uh it is suboptimal if we have to um ask developers to consciously think about you know which sh their contract is on and how that affect um you know the usage of that smart contract and so on so forth um I I do also want to point out that uh another I think another great uh great achievement in in in this process is that um uh any of those upgrades right whether it's uh splitting whether it's going from for four shards to six shards or whether it's um the N 2.0 upgrade um they're all done life uh meaning that there there there's no interruption um to the network and um you know if you think about the uh the scale of this upgrade right is essentially where we rewrote a big part of the the protocol and it's almost like entirely new thing and then we still did it in a in life way and then there's um No Interruption to to the network and uh and that's something we we really value right we don't want it to um disrupt the user experience on on the network and uh I think we've done a good job there absolutely yeah know that's something that if you've been around for a while now you see I mean there the the uptime obviously is is you know top tier but the consideration for that user experience always seems to be in all of the different design from protocol way down uh I'd love to take a second here and kind of you know peek behind the curtain a little bit and can you talk about you know we don't have to go too technical for the audience but you talk about a little like what goes into actually making a change like this and at what point like where does this start how many months back does it take to design and plan this and the actual implementation that goes into this yeah so um it started about a year ago I think the the ideation uh or the um or how we conceived the idea date back to May 2023 right I think that's where um I think we first came up with the uh the idea that okay this is something we want to explore um and then from there uh I think there was um there were like a couple of months where uh we just focus on uh the like specking of the design uh what needs to be down what needs to be changed um and then from there there's about you know a full year of uh um implementation work and then a lot of it just actually spend um uh testing various things as you know with this U Mass upgrader a lot of uh risks uh so we run a Stak Wars program where we open up this test net um for uh people from the community to join and um send a lot of transactions to you know stress test the network uh and find potential issues and and that was actually incredibly helpful as we did find um quite a few U bugs or like other problems there um and that really um help us uh uh shape the the foundation uh for the launch um and um um yeah I would say like over the past uh year and like you know three months we've done a very good job um I think being able to um you know deliver from ideation uh to launching on mainnet in that short amount of time um I think yeah it's a incredible job so kudos to the entire team um for being able to achieve this that's awesome I remember listening to your well watching actually your talk at ncon 23 about this um so I've been excited about it for like a year and I went back and watched it like two more times because I forgot something and I was like that's just awesome and coming back to um what this means for developers that they don't really have to do anything different I just want to thank you for that as a devel because that makes my job so much easier um but how does this so we have developers that are building on the protocol and then we have users who are using those apps uh that are built on the protocol by the devs so how can a user expect to see these differences emerge um in terms of like gas differences and uh throught like more users using the protocol yeah so uh as I said before in this upgrade uh we're basically focusing on changing the underlying on architecture and um as a as a result we chose to uh take a more cautious rout just given the uh the kind of the impact of of the upgrade and we don't want to like do too many changes at once um so we're not actually changing the uh throughput in this uh upgrade uh by itself um and um um I think that just we want just want to see how how it goes whether there are any uh problems that are exposed uh so far is going uh really really well so uh that's really reassuring uh and then uh right now we're basically working on uh leveraging uh this new architecture and uh trying to maximize its potential um and really improve uh that single Shar performance by reducing uh the gas cost on the on the critical path so um so mostly the storage or like the state access uh gas cost things like State re and state rights um and that is a very big bottleneck on Main that today and I think um something like you know maybe 50% of the gas um on some smart contract cost and or even more is spent on storage are State access so yeah that's what we're focusing on right now and and and we hope that we can uh greatly reduce uh that that part of the gas cost and and really um get the scalability of A Single Shard uh to the next level um this is uh largely thanks to the architectural change we did so that we can put um State access in entirely in memory uh and this yeah as just said before uh it's a great benefit that we get from the new stus validation architecture yeah no that that's that sounds really great when you uh are upgrading the validators I saw so I I host a validator and I saw a new term uh endorsements can you talk a little bit like what endorsements are and how that fits into the state validation yeah so uh so basically uh because now we we are like this upgrade basically makes a network fully sharded uh no single V needs to track all the U uh all the shards um and uh when when the chunk is produced basically U because of the stus validation U on every block is just get rotated to different sh and this endorsement basically to say like okay I validated this chunk is is actually valid according to to the St witness I received uh and therefore I send this endorsement um to um to the bra producer so that they can include it in in prod they produce so that everyone else can verify okay this chunk uh that was produced indeed have sufficient endorsement saying that um it is valid so yeah this is basically an important part of the the make what makes the stud validation work um yeah that's it and with this update so we've spoke a lot about stateless validation can you talk about any other changes are there any other changes ra than just stateless validation Happening Here Yeah so in this release it's actually more than just stess validation uh we also um packaged the uh uh congestion control change uh into the network because those two uh actually have uh some intersection uh when there are missing chunks on the network um so basically that idea is that U uh today that you know sometimes if the or rather before this release what will happen if a Shard become contest is that you know you send a transaction you may wait for like a pretty long time for it to be processed and you know on on the client side or on the on the user facing side on on the application side um you might see a a timeout error which is pretty annoying you don't actually know what happened um it could be that your transaction get lost it could be that your transaction get in but it just waiting to be executed and what we found is that you know people did not like that and they found it to be uh very very annoying and then also it just like not a great uh not great for the prodoc itself because um it creates this uh uh this pressure on on the charge and and may actually cause some uh memory unbounded memory growth and and so on um so we we kind of fixed that and now the the I mean the fix is actually quite complex so I I won't go into the all the details here because of because of design but basically now there's this back pressure um that that goes through the the shards so that if a Shard is congested um or there are some congested shards on the network uh as a user what you might see is that your transaction get um preemptively rejected when it is submitted uh because it will basically say that the The Shard is congested um you know please please try later um this um you know I mean from at least from my point of view it's a like better experience because at at least you know when you submit a transaction that uh it got rejected so that you know you can say resubmit later rather than waiting indefinitely not knowing uh what actually happened and and maybe trying to guess and and and maybe even uh making mistakes by you know sending uh another transaction that does the same thing twice which sometimes isn't what you want to do um if you're doing transfers and and so on um and I mean obviously this is not the the full solution because it's still like you you know you you some sometimes you I mean for some application maybe you're fine like okay the network is congested let me just wait for a bit but sometimes you you're doing like trading or I don't know moving large amount of assets or not that you really want it to be down right now uh so that's the next stage of the work where we would introduce transaction priority so that um you can say okay I I'm willing to pay more uh to to kind of cut the line and and get get to the the front of the queue um so um so that would allow you your transaction to be processed faster even if there is congestion on some sh what it sounds like is you know what you're saying going through here is it fair to say that these are part of phases so n 2.0 is not the end state by any means this is leading to a lot of other features um I know I've seen in different talks and in documentation uh the concept of dynamic sharding is this all like a preface to how we eventually get to that point yeah uh for sure uh and I think the stus validation architecture actually makes it easier to implement uh Dynamic rearing because now the validators themselves are actually a steers because because you're steers then you don't like technically care how many shards there are so if there is a spit of Shard and then then and the change of layout of Shard uh you know you don't really need to do anything per se because you are not even keeping track of any sh I mean uh of course there are work on the trunk producer side that needs to be done but but over this because the validation part basically what um how the network tells whether a a chunk is valid this part is basically entirely stus uh it basically makes the design uh and implementation easier for uh Dynamic rearing um and actually we have already uh started uh discussing the design of how we can potentially get there I think there um you know it's not something that that can be done in one day and uh I think there uh there are going to be a series of steps that we need to take uh to gradually uh get there uh for example first we Implement how how we can split um you know one sh into two shs very quickly um and then like maybe also like how they merge how two sharts can merge uh back into one shart uh and and you know once we have all those things we'll figure out what is the criteria for the system to dynamically determine that you know well now it's the time to actually split one sh into two or now is the time to actually uh merge two shs back into one uh so yeah I think I think there are a few steps that we need to take to together there um but with the new architecture uh we're confident that um it will be done may maybe this is too much of a specific question right now but I'd be interested in hearing when you're saying uh the splitting of shards and the merging of shards what sort of timeline does this happen over so say uh Shard 3 is congested there's so many transactions happening to this this one application say sweat or kijing or whatever when can we expect The Shard to uh split to help handle that Ah that's a great question so um when I when I said there are a series of steps I think uh one thing that I was crossing over is basically this question of like how fast uh could it be down so um you know the the end goal is to do it basically within a few blocks so essentially react uh in real time um and I think it it is it is possible to do uh it does make the implementation uh more complex because the currently the sh layout is determined by by Epoch and one Epoch is about like 12 to 16 hours uh so um right now we're kind of building towards that but first step is well let's uh split The Shard uh within like one one Epoch and then we can go from there to actually splitting the uh the shart which withing like like a few blocks uh I think we we do we do have a pretty good understanding of what needs to be done to get there um and um yeah I think we're pretty confident that that it could be done I think it just matter of implementation uh and actually putting in the work that would be crazy to be honest I was thinking on the time scale of like Epoch and hours but a few blocks that would be amazing what do you think Joe yeah I mean yeah I I can't even my brain doesn't processed that that's that's crazy um you know I with all of this and I think with you know there's a really amazing technology and where I feel that near protocol has continued to kind of push the boundaries of some of this stuff you know you the instant thought is like oh everything has to get bigger and more powerful but really uh the standards for a validator especially for a stateless validator have gone down is that correct yes that that is correct yeah so how how is that how are you able to continue to lower the requirements yet essentially add more features and make it more performant ah yeah that's uh that's a great question I mean I think you know I mean this may sound C of intuitive but uh you know if if we push it to the to the to the Limit right if we think about the extreme is basically um let's say you have like a powerful machine that that generates their knowledge proof and then you can have a lot of very very very cheap machines that verify the proof right then the verification is almost instantaneous like a few like tens of millisecs on on that other scale and then the computer requires also U pretty low to to do the verification so so basically it is possible that you can um pretty much um mimic what um a centralized system does today is like you know you have this powerful machine that does there some compute um but you know in centralized system you don't verify so to speak um but then like you know the this like ZK is technology that really allows you to get very close to that you have like some powerful machine that there some like a compute and then new generators proof that can be really really cheaply verified um by a lot of other uh very very cheap machines we're definitely not there yet but you know if you think from the the principle then yes you can actually do it you can have um some kind of expensive machine that does there some compute and then like there are other people with uh much less expensive machines that that actually um do the verification um and this this this asymmetry um it's actually pretty core to the to the design and I think it's actually um a nice way to um to kind of uh uh get closer or like improve the the performance of the system dramatically because now you know instead of everyone have like the same amount of hardware and you know it getting bottom NE on that kind of Hardware which is um pretty limiting you now are basically having this like more powerful machines that you can like kind of like Leverage um while maintaining the decentralization of the network um because the verification is down very cheaply using um ZK proofs in this manner I imagine would it take longer to like verify blocks because I know that ZK Pro proofs can take a while to generate is that why you're you're taking your time and not just implementing proofs right now um interest yeah yeah that's pretty much it yeah I think right now basically the proof generation latency is uh too high to be practical um but I mean I mean like we have seen in the past couple of years uh there there has been great progress uh in both the uh theoretical part of ZK the the um Advent of new proving systems that really improve the efficiency of of proof Generation Um and also on the engineering side uh much better uh implementation of those proving systems that makes uh proof generation faster and and so on so forth um and um I think the next big thing that will probably come is the hardware acceleration that would uh really allow us to get closer uh much closer to uh real real time proof generation for uh execution and then if we can get close to realtime proof generation then yeah we can start thinking about integrating it uh into the protocol and really uh rip the benefits there yeah I feel like ZK is just so awesome and I'm waiting for the tech to to catch up with well the the theory is also catching up but I just imagine the the possibilities it's going to unlock when thing when you have like real time proof generation that would just be amazing I suppose yeah that'll be great oh sorry to cut you off there um I just wanted to jump into some of the security pieces of it I think uh you know obviously it's you know on blockchain that's a huge piece of everything we're doing and one of the questions that comes to mind is so one of the things around security has always comes up of not necess just on near but on all chains of how much token is distributed across the validators and so you what percentage is like that top group that holds most of the tokens and now what we're starting to see here on near because we're expanding the uh validator set as well how does that affect where you know how much token is held does that matter as much still or how does that all fit into the security design what's happening um I think it still does mattering a so I think the the argument or like the concern that people have uh with the concentration of stake is that um those few people can actually um collectively if they decide to collude somehow they can Hal the network right so that that that is still the case the I mean the the cryptoeconomic side of things does not change I mean if if let's say one third of the stake decide to clude that yes they can stop the network um from from running um but I mean I think uh what this release um helps is in the sense of um actually getting to to more validators um and allow more people to to join um and um yeah I think just from a kind of social consensus point of view that definitely makes things um much harder to manipulate and and and so on uh so yeah I think that that is definitely a benefit of the this release along those lines with stateless uh validation and is there you know I guess I don't even make assess uh judgments here but like how is the security than work for that where you have these witnesses that are there you know is there opportunities where they could possibly collude and still validate uh as a like colluding Witnesses or is that something that's just not possible I mean I think it's um it is possible in the sense that if more than two Surs of the stake decide to in clude then uh I mean all Bs are are off right so that basically anyway yeah the fundamental bft consensus assumption is is is broken then yes you things will go very wrong but I think the um yeah from the cryptoeconomic um point of view like assuming the the BFD assumption holds then yeah the the the probability because the value shuffled every every block the probability of uh A Shard getting croped is basically negligibly small and that's where the um the security assumption is from yeah yeah no that's great I I mean I assume that's kind of where it was going and I just think it's important that as people are hearing these discussions online they understand what really is going to the security and the level of actual you know one collusion that would have to happen for something to actually really go wrong and then two that like you said which I find really fascinating here is that you know as we're able to put in again more validators with less Hardware requirements we are actually you know making this a more secure system because we are decentralizing it and as through the rotation and things like that correct that make it better so y exactly yeah if you don't mind me Switching gears here a bit I've been looking on on GitHub looking at the naps and I've seen a lot about ethereum alignment and ethereum in licit accounts is that to do with Nightshade 2.0 or is that something different yeah that is that is different uh it basically it's uh implementation that would potentially allow metamask to support uh near natively so basically allow ISM accounts to be supported uh natively so to speak on near and I think that that is that is completely different uh sorry completely separate uh from the 19 release um but is also I think uh a great uh a great feature to have so that um um you know that potentially allows a lot more people in the web Ser space to uh start using using near directly uh I mean that's not that's only part of the change right there's also the ter RPC implementation that that is being done um and the the metamask uh integration so that basically you can go to any near app and then just start using it using metam mask to interact with it as AUM user uh and yeah I think that has the potential of bringing a lot more um crypto native users to to near it really plays into that chain abstraction narrative that uh n is becoming all about interesting yeah no I yeah I mean it's there a lot of really great stuff here in the phasing of all this uh is seems really well thought out you guys are clearly building towards something can you talk about a little bit about um just the the you know have to get deep detail like where do you see the next few phases kind of going in the direction from here yeah yeah so I think um the one of the the big Focus for us is to uh maximizing the the potential of the the current design I think as I said it's the beginning of a new chapter and um uh we are essentially only getting started uh with this new architecture and we really want to uh maximize both the horizontal skillability and also the vertical scalability in terms of uh getting to both more shards and significantly improve um The Single Shard performance on each shart uh so I think this is a big Focus for us going forward now looking beyond that I think that the the next thing that that comes is the dynamic rearing uh that I've already talked about basically then you have this um basically the holy gr of charting where the number of shards uh dynamically adjust based on on the load on the network right so uh that is uh something that would be really great to have and this then we don't need to worry about the scalability side of things and so on um and obviously the um we talk about ZK and it's potential application um in the protocol and I think that is also uh something we have in mind um but I think that may take a longer period of time to uh to get implemented just depending on the uh progress on the the side as a uh so as you are are planning this out as you're trying to bring uh you know validators up to speed and keep everything else like that where you know how does that fit into I guess like release schedules as well too because it's not obviously where you guys can just build and feel comfortable say we're going to De play this you have to get validators on on board U maybe for those who don't know and don't understand how all that stuff Works quickly just talk about like what a release actually looks like and what is actually contingent on being part of the protocol um yeah so I mean it the the I mean all the releases are including this one pretty similar uh in how they get adopted so basically um the release gets um published on on GitHub and it contains a a protocol change and then as validator adopt the release they basically vote for the adoption of the release and when there are sufficient number of adopting adopting the new release um so the stretchh hold is set to 80% um then the network will actually switch to the new um protocol version uh in to EPO and this is basically to um make sure there is this uh voting process uh going on uh with with every single release uh and um um and and as a result people also get you know get get to have the the time to actually adopt the release and and and and so on so um I think it's some uh it's the same process that we've been using for a couple of years um and um yeah I think I think it's uh it's going well for us have you ever had a time where it didn't go through like it something like it didn't get voted through um I think we've had time where it took longer than what we expected so basically like you know uh there's a voting date or whatting time that is said in the release what that means is that after that specific date then uh the the the pro the voting would would would preed and then the uh the network will basically count um the votes and decide whether to do the upgrade or not and um but but you know it doesn't prevent people from not upgrading and there thereby uh stopping the network from being upgraded um I I I don't think people like you know intentionally did that in in the past but there there are definely are times where the theg grade took like you know three weeks to get adopted by enough f ators because this is a decentralized process yeah and uh and correct me if I'm wrong here but right a vote simply is the validator updates to that protocol version and that counts as a single vote Yes yes yes how long did it take people to uptake Nightshade was it three weeks or were people upgrading within a within an hour of the release uh it's actually it's actually nier um and and also it's faster than I expected I expected that uh just because of the complexity of the release and and it actually does require uh some manual change on the V side with regards to the config file uh so it is more complex than before um but um you enough V adopted the the release uh in one week uh so basically it took about uh a bit more than a week from the P public uh from from the when the release get published to um when the network uh got upgraded no that that's that's exciting and I've noticed too for myself just again running that validator that over time especially I would say all the releases this calendar year have been a lot smoother and it's just been a process where you know I don't have to think too much about it yeah it's sure have to maybe make a small change in the config but you seem to have streamlined it has something is that more of a process thing or is that simply just as you are getting better of improving the protocol and over time um yeah I think it it's probably both um I think the uh I think the processing is basically right you know you you kind of learn from the mistakes and the in in the past and and you you work on improving it and making it easier for for people to to upgrade and and so on um and also yeah we're uh we're definitely making um dedicated effort uh to improve the the release test Tes in um and I think yeah we've done a pretty good job uh yeah in the past couple of releases especially with this uh n 2.0 release to really um have uh very extensive testing uh before the release goes out um so that this would minimize the number of issues uh that the the relas may have but also make it easy for for vators to to upgrade because we also can see the problems um that potential problem that each individual Auditors may run into uh when they do the upgrade yeah no that I mean that that that makes a ton of sense and we've definitely seen the you know the the outcome of that because uh I would say you know again just the past six months some of the updates between you know the the sharding changes and everything else uh you know like you said there's been no downtime due to it and it's just been a fairly seamless process as best as it can be uh at this point so that's exciting I just want to wrap personally I don't if you have a final question too but uh with all of this stuff we talked about phasing we talked about you know where this is going and the importance of all of this uh near has a few different initiatives and we don't have to I don't want to dive into the actual different initiatives here but you know the blockchain itself is just the protocol that anything can kind of be built on top of it is that the goal here where yes you know you are optimizing for some things but it's really about building flexibility into the chain or there come eventually become a path during this phasing where there is a more of a focus towards a direction like some other chains do um yeah so sorry um what's the last part sure well so so some chains are like more focused on particular features of the protocol and so they kind of like hyper optimize for those things but is it fair to say that like n really focused on not hyper optimizing for everything as you can't but for everything but really focusing on being a protocol that you can build almost anything on whether the initiative is chain abstraction whether it is uh AI whatever it might be it's more generic yeah yeah because you know kind of going back to our Our Roots or or our original Vision right it's a word where people have um control of their money um assess power of governance and and it is something that um um you know requires a uh uh you know planetary scale uh that to support this just kind of um in you know whatever apps that people build and so on so we want it to be both uh highly scalable but also the time general purpose enough so that any kind of application any kind of use cases uh could be built and to to uh really kind of collectively help with the mass adoption uh of web3 nice uh any last questions no less questions except i' would just like to say like a huge gr congrats to to you and the team for getting all this implemented like huge props so glad to see it happen and yeah thank you for making our lives easier thank you I mean it's a it's a great work from the team so yeah would like to give a shout out to them yeah AB yeah I was going to I want to end here of saying like I think uh I hope people who are falling along especially those who technical understand the work that you and your team are doing uh this has been something that uh really has been impressive and probably does it doesn't get as much uh Fanfare excitement because it kind of it's in the background and you know I think one of those things where like it just works right you you don't have those news stories of it being having problems and things like that and that's a good thing um and you know I wanted to really make sure that we continue to highlight these changes because you know n's protocol is really state-ofthe-art and it's really impressive of what you guys continue to do and we're looking forward to all the future changes so uh we really appreciate your time coming on today we know you're super busy but this was uh really informative I think for both ourselves as well as the audience thank you yeah thank you yeah","transcript_synced_at":"2026-11-03T04:01:37.997Z","segments":[{"start_seconds":0,"text":"n","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=0s"},{"start_seconds":42,"text":"hey welcome to this not quite Dev Hub live I was a cross collaboration here today with the near Foundation to talk","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=42s"},{"start_seconds":49,"text":"about a really exciting new event that just happened here on near uh Nightshade 2.0 uh if you've been following along or","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=49s"},{"start_seconds":56,"text":"even if you haven't uh Nightshade is part of the validation process here and it introduces now with 2.0 stateless","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=56s"},{"start_seconds":63,"text":"validation uh we're super excited for me to have my co-host here Owen from devhub who's one of our devs and our special","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=63s"},{"start_seconds":71,"text":"guest today is Bowen Wang and he is the head of protocol is that how your title y uh and he's going to talk all about","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=71s"},{"start_seconds":79,"text":"from you know what 2. night shade 2.0 is what's different about it we're going to get all the different details and how this affects uh users and everything","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=79s"},{"start_seconds":88,"text":"about the network it's going to be everything you've ever wanted to know uh about uh you know Nightshade 2.0","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=88s"},{"start_seconds":95,"text":"validation all those type of things uh so welcome uh bone thanks for joining us today yes it's great to be here and uh happy to talk about the great milestone","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=95s"},{"start_seconds":104,"text":"that we've just achieved yeah this is a really exciting time in the near ecosystem can you just give us like a start with a highlevel overview of like","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=104s"},{"start_seconds":113,"text":"what night shade 2.0 is and how that fits into the validation process of near yeah so um as some of you might know","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=113s"},{"start_seconds":121,"text":"nice is the original your sharing design and it is basically this full design for a complete uh sharded blockchain both in","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=121s"},{"start_seconds":129,"text":"terms of state sharding and also transaction processing sharding um and um um n 2.0 2.0 is basically you can","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=129s"},{"start_seconds":138,"text":"single version upgrade to the architecture where uh it introduces um stus validation and it actually um","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=138s"},{"start_seconds":146,"text":"improves upon the original design by making it uh both much easier to implement but also uh give rise to the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=146s"},{"start_seconds":153,"text":"possibility of much higher performance on each single chart uh and um there are many other potential benefits like","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=153s"},{"start_seconds":161,"text":"better decentralization because V running uh can run lower and hardware and also more future proof that it's uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=161s"},{"start_seconds":169,"text":"it kind of positions uh the protocol uh to be more ready for eventual ZK ad option uh down the line no that that's","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=169s"},{"start_seconds":177,"text":"that's awesome so when we started we started to think about what night shade 2.0 would be like what kicked off the motivation to make this change from the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=177s"},{"start_seconds":186,"text":"original design to this yeah so the ordin design was uh very elegant U but it had a a critical Reliance on uh fraud","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=186s"},{"start_seconds":195,"text":"proofs so this is just kind of same concept as um uh as you have in optimistic rollups and uh uh you know if","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=195s"},{"start_seconds":203,"text":"there's anything we learned from the world of optimistic rollups is that fraud proof is really hard and it's even hard for for near because um in","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=203s"},{"start_seconds":212,"text":"optimistic rollup you're essentially single single sharded if you think about that way uh and um you know when when um","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=212s"},{"start_seconds":219,"text":"fraud proof needs to be processed the uh uh the consequences that need to happen is still more uh local or like Within A","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=219s"},{"start_seconds":226,"text":"Single Shard so to speak uh but the in a charting Network that becomes way more complex and even in the world of","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=226s"},{"start_seconds":233,"text":"optimistic rollups still that you know people are having trouble getting to a permission fra proof uh setup um so it","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=233s"},{"start_seconds":242,"text":"yeah it's even more difficult there and and while you know on paper that that looks nice right the design looks nice um when it come actually comes to the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=242s"},{"start_seconds":251,"text":"implementation um it becomes incredibly difficult and that's what motivated us to explore","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=251s"},{"start_seconds":257,"text":"Alternatives nice nice yeah I I you know one of the things that sometimes people take for granted obviously is how this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=257s"},{"start_seconds":265,"text":"whole network works and you know what actually makes something centralized is this actually adding to the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=265s"},{"start_seconds":272,"text":"decentralization of near uh yes so it basically um so before the the architecture is that well every single","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=272s"},{"start_seconds":280,"text":"validator on the network would produce U chunk for for some shart right so in order for you to produce chunk for some shart you must have the state uh of the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=280s"},{"start_seconds":288,"text":"shart right so meaning that all the Val there no matter how how much State you have and what not you all need to uh at","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=288s"},{"start_seconds":296,"text":"least have the state of of one Shard uh in in this design and that means you know you need to store download the state store the state locally and and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=296s"},{"start_seconds":305,"text":"you know process uh blocks and chunks which a state um so overall it's U relatively expensive uh from the storage","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=305s"},{"start_seconds":313,"text":"point of view uh and now with the uh switch to n 2.0 um the validators on the network don't actually need to store any","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=313s"},{"start_seconds":321,"text":"state locally they validate by downloading the state witness alongside with the chunk and they can verify the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=321s"},{"start_seconds":328,"text":"chunk using this witness without having to maintain and state locally now there is a separate group of people called chunk producers uh who actually does um","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=328s"},{"start_seconds":338,"text":"chunk production for some specific Shard for one one Shard um and they do need to have the state but uh that's a","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=338s"},{"start_seconds":345,"text":"relatively small part of the entire uh you know consensus participating not and um they can afford to draw more","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=345s"},{"start_seconds":353,"text":"expensive Hardware because they are the ones with more stake um and then you know this uh why why this improved decentral iation is that it kind of uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=353s"},{"start_seconds":361,"text":"lowers the barrier of entry on the hardware level for the the vage out there and you can potentially have a lot","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=361s"},{"start_seconds":369,"text":"more validators um with you know running not as expensive Hardware um and um yeah so basically this help us uh expand uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=369s"},{"start_seconds":378,"text":"the validator set so with this expanding of the validator set will this likely increase","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=378s"},{"start_seconds":385,"text":"the number total number of shards on the network uh it will come down the line uh not uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=385s"},{"start_seconds":393,"text":"not right now as part of this release so um you know if you think about um the NIT 2.0 I I I I often think of it as uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=393s"},{"start_seconds":403,"text":"A New Beginning the beginning of a new chapter rather than uh some kind of like end State on its own right so what we","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=403s"},{"start_seconds":410,"text":"did is that we essentially transformed um the architecture of the entire network like the entire protocol to this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=410s"},{"start_seconds":417,"text":"new design uh but we're not actually um fully leveraging or like maximizing the potential of this design also in the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=417s"},{"start_seconds":425,"text":"same release um that is basically for future work so as part of this release we're not actually changing the the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=425s"},{"start_seconds":432,"text":"number of shards on the network um or like directly improving performance right away but basically um it's just","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=432s"},{"start_seconds":439,"text":"like massive um underlying architectural upgrade that really prepare us both for getting more shards um down the line and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=439s"},{"start_seconds":448,"text":"also uh significantly improve uh Single Shard performance uh so we have a goal to uh get to uh 10 shards by the by the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=448s"},{"start_seconds":456,"text":"end of the year uh and also um dramatically improve uh the performance of each single","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=456s"},{"start_seconds":465,"text":"sh awesome we'll hold you to that one um so you've talked a a lot about","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=465s"},{"start_seconds":473,"text":"like the benefits of n shade 2.0 are there any drawbacks uh to this design","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=473s"},{"start_seconds":482,"text":"uh yeah so one of the uh I don't know if you I would say like tradeoff right not necessarily uh put it as like a drawback","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=482s"},{"start_seconds":490,"text":"but one of the trade-off is that because um we're now having to um transmit State witness across the network uh it what","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=490s"},{"start_seconds":499,"text":"what it means is that uh it uh um it the network usage of validators would","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=499s"},{"start_seconds":506,"text":"potentially go up um and uh I think this is more of a uh uh I would say probably","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=506s"},{"start_seconds":514,"text":"a short-term problem so we're both working on optimizing the size of stupidness so that you can reduce uh the amount of data that needs to be","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=514s"},{"start_seconds":522,"text":"transmitted um in order for validators to validate those chunks uh but also at the same time right you know if we look at the future uh from like a future","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=522s"},{"start_seconds":531,"text":"facing point of view um once the once Z knowledge proof technology becomes mature enough can can","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=531s"},{"start_seconds":537,"text":"be integrated into into near uh then you know you we can essentially replace the stick witness with one zero knowledge proof then becomes extremely small you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=537s"},{"start_seconds":546,"text":"know on the order of like a few hundred bytes to you know a few hundred kilobytes uh and also extremely cheap to to verify so um I would say it is a","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=546s"},{"start_seconds":555,"text":"trade-off that we're consciously making but but but at the same time I think um it is both beneficial for the network right now and also uh it would really","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=555s"},{"start_seconds":564,"text":"prepare us for this uh future where it this would no longer be a trade it just like at Advantage","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=564s"},{"start_seconds":572,"text":"MH one of the things that comes to mind here is so there's these different changes here you're talking about of how","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=572s"},{"start_seconds":581,"text":"the validation set is set up uh what is changing if anything for the developers do as a developer do we have to be aware","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=581s"},{"start_seconds":588,"text":"of any of this or is this going to just naturally improve what we're doing yeah so I think uh one of the the great uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=588s"},{"start_seconds":596,"text":"benefits uh that we get from this uh upgrade is that it's entirely transparent to to developers right so basically you as a smart contract","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=596s"},{"start_seconds":604,"text":"developer you don't have to think about any of this underlying change um for you like this architectural change from um","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=604s"},{"start_seconds":613,"text":"the what we had before to n 2.0 um is basically uh yeah doesn't doesn't really affect the developers um I mean there","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=613s"},{"start_seconds":621,"text":"are some uh small um gas cost changes that may affect certain Corner cases uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=621s"},{"start_seconds":628,"text":"but overall the the developers are not even aware of the online upgrade as if nothing nothing really happened and and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=628s"},{"start_seconds":636,"text":"I think uh that that is a great achievement on its own considering the scale of the upgrade and I think this is something","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=636s"},{"start_seconds":645,"text":"you've done such a great job at from the from the get-go like having um like six","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=645s"},{"start_seconds":652,"text":"shards I think we're at now and you don't even have to know like what account your Shard is on what contract uh you're interacting with you don't","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=652s"},{"start_seconds":661,"text":"need to think about these shards you've done such a great job at abstracting this idea um of sh I yeah I would say","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=661s"},{"start_seconds":670,"text":"that's um one of the design philosophies um behind near from from day one right basically uh we wanted to be really easy","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=670s"},{"start_seconds":678,"text":"for developers to uh develop and deploy smart contract and as result we think is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=678s"},{"start_seconds":684,"text":"um uh it is suboptimal if we have to um ask developers to consciously think","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=684s"},{"start_seconds":692,"text":"about you know which sh their contract is on and how that affect um you know the usage of that smart contract and so","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=692s"},{"start_seconds":699,"text":"on so forth um I I do also want to point out that uh another I think another great uh great achievement in in in this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=699s"},{"start_seconds":707,"text":"process is that um uh any of those upgrades right whether it's uh splitting whether it's going from for four shards to six shards or whether it's um the N","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=707s"},{"start_seconds":716,"text":"2.0 upgrade um they're all done life uh meaning that there there there's no interruption um to the network and um","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=716s"},{"start_seconds":724,"text":"you know if you think about the uh the scale of this upgrade right is essentially where we rewrote a big part of the the protocol and it's almost like","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=724s"},{"start_seconds":733,"text":"entirely new thing and then we still did it in a in life way and then there's um No Interruption to to the network and uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=733s"},{"start_seconds":741,"text":"and that's something we we really value right we don't want it to um disrupt the user experience on on the network and uh I think we've done a good job there","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=741s"},{"start_seconds":750,"text":"absolutely yeah know that's something that if you've been around for a while now you see I mean there the the uptime","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=750s"},{"start_seconds":756,"text":"obviously is is you know top tier but the consideration for that user experience always seems to be in all of","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=756s"},{"start_seconds":764,"text":"the different design from protocol way down uh I'd love to take a second here and kind of you know peek behind the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=764s"},{"start_seconds":772,"text":"curtain a little bit and can you talk about you know we don't have to go too technical for the audience but you talk about a little like what goes into","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=772s"},{"start_seconds":779,"text":"actually making a change like this and at what point like where does this start how many months back does it take to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=779s"},{"start_seconds":786,"text":"design and plan this and the actual implementation that goes into this yeah so um it started about a year ago I","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=786s"},{"start_seconds":795,"text":"think the the ideation uh or the um or how we conceived the idea date back to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=795s"},{"start_seconds":803,"text":"May 2023 right I think that's where um I think we first came up with the uh the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=803s"},{"start_seconds":811,"text":"idea that okay this is something we want to explore um and then from there uh I think there was um there were like a","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=811s"},{"start_seconds":817,"text":"couple of months where uh we just focus on uh the like specking of the design uh what needs to be down what needs to be","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=817s"},{"start_seconds":826,"text":"changed um and then from there there's about you know a full year of uh um implementation work and then a lot of it","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=826s"},{"start_seconds":833,"text":"just actually spend um uh testing various things as you know with this U Mass upgrader a lot of uh risks uh so we","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=833s"},{"start_seconds":842,"text":"run a Stak Wars program where we open up this test net um for uh people from the community to join and um send a lot of","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=842s"},{"start_seconds":850,"text":"transactions to you know stress test the network uh and find potential issues and and that was actually incredibly helpful","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=850s"},{"start_seconds":857,"text":"as we did find um quite a few U bugs or like other problems there um and that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=857s"},{"start_seconds":863,"text":"really um help us uh uh shape the the foundation uh for the launch um and um","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=863s"},{"start_seconds":871,"text":"um yeah I would say like over the past uh year and like you know three months we've done a very good job um I think","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=871s"},{"start_seconds":878,"text":"being able to um you know deliver from ideation uh to launching on mainnet in that short amount of time um I think","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=878s"},{"start_seconds":887,"text":"yeah it's a incredible job so kudos to the entire team um for being able to achieve this that's awesome I remember listening","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=887s"},{"start_seconds":896,"text":"to your well watching actually your talk at ncon 23 about this um so I've been","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=896s"},{"start_seconds":903,"text":"excited about it for like a year and I went back and watched it like two more times because I forgot something and I","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=903s"},{"start_seconds":912,"text":"was like that's just awesome and coming back to um what this means for developers that they don't really have","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=912s"},{"start_seconds":918,"text":"to do anything different I just want to thank you for that as a devel because","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=918s"},{"start_seconds":924,"text":"that makes my job so much easier um but how does this so we have developers that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=924s"},{"start_seconds":932,"text":"are building on the protocol and then we have users who are using those apps uh that are built on the protocol by the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=932s"},{"start_seconds":941,"text":"devs so how can a user expect to see these differences emerge um in terms of","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=941s"},{"start_seconds":949,"text":"like gas differences and uh throught like more users using the protocol yeah so uh as I said before in","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=949s"},{"start_seconds":959,"text":"this upgrade uh we're basically focusing on changing the underlying on architecture and um as a as a result we","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=959s"},{"start_seconds":966,"text":"chose to uh take a more cautious rout just given the uh the kind of the impact of of the upgrade and we don't want to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=966s"},{"start_seconds":974,"text":"like do too many changes at once um so we're not actually changing the uh throughput in this uh upgrade uh by","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=974s"},{"start_seconds":981,"text":"itself um and um um I think that just we want just want to see how how it goes whether there are any uh problems that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=981s"},{"start_seconds":989,"text":"are exposed uh so far is going uh really really well so uh that's really reassuring uh and then uh right now","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=989s"},{"start_seconds":996,"text":"we're basically working on uh leveraging uh this new architecture and uh trying to maximize its potential um and really","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=996s"},{"start_seconds":1005,"text":"improve uh that single Shar performance by reducing uh the gas cost on the on the critical path so um so mostly the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1005s"},{"start_seconds":1013,"text":"storage or like the state access uh gas cost things like State re and state rights um and that is a very big","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1013s"},{"start_seconds":1021,"text":"bottleneck on Main that today and I think um something like you know maybe 50% of the gas um on some smart contract","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1021s"},{"start_seconds":1029,"text":"cost and or even more is spent on storage are State access so yeah that's what we're focusing on right now and and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1029s"},{"start_seconds":1036,"text":"and we hope that we can uh greatly reduce uh that that part of the gas cost and and really um get the scalability of","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1036s"},{"start_seconds":1044,"text":"A Single Shard uh to the next level um this is uh largely thanks to the architectural change we did so that we","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1044s"},{"start_seconds":1051,"text":"can put um State access in entirely in memory uh and this yeah as just said before uh it's a great benefit that we","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1051s"},{"start_seconds":1059,"text":"get from the new stus validation architecture yeah no that that's that sounds really great when you uh are","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1059s"},{"start_seconds":1068,"text":"upgrading the validators I saw so I I host a validator and I saw a new term uh endorsements can you talk a little bit","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1068s"},{"start_seconds":1076,"text":"like what endorsements are and how that fits into the state validation yeah so uh so basically uh because now we we are","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1076s"},{"start_seconds":1084,"text":"like this upgrade basically makes a network fully sharded uh no single V needs to track all the U uh all the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1084s"},{"start_seconds":1092,"text":"shards um and uh when when the chunk is produced basically U because of the stus validation U on every block is just get","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1092s"},{"start_seconds":1101,"text":"rotated to different sh and this endorsement basically to say like okay I validated this chunk is is actually valid according to to the St witness I","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1101s"},{"start_seconds":1109,"text":"received uh and therefore I send this endorsement um to um to the bra producer so that they can include it in in prod","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1109s"},{"start_seconds":1117,"text":"they produce so that everyone else can verify okay this chunk uh that was produced indeed have sufficient endorsement saying that um it is valid","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1117s"},{"start_seconds":1125,"text":"so yeah this is basically an important part of the the make what makes the stud validation work um yeah that's","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1125s"},{"start_seconds":1136,"text":"it and with this update so we've spoke a lot about stateless validation can you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1136s"},{"start_seconds":1143,"text":"talk about any other changes are there any other changes ra than just stateless validation Happening Here Yeah so in","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1143s"},{"start_seconds":1152,"text":"this release it's actually more than just stess validation uh we also um packaged the uh uh congestion control","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1152s"},{"start_seconds":1159,"text":"change uh into the network because those two uh actually have uh some intersection uh when there are missing chunks on the network um so basically","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1159s"},{"start_seconds":1168,"text":"that idea is that U uh today that you know sometimes if the or rather before this release what will happen if a Shard","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1168s"},{"start_seconds":1176,"text":"become contest is that you know you send a transaction you may wait for like a pretty long time for it to be processed and you know on on the client side or on","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1176s"},{"start_seconds":1184,"text":"the on the user facing side on on the application side um you might see a a timeout error which is pretty annoying","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1184s"},{"start_seconds":1191,"text":"you don't actually know what happened um it could be that your transaction get lost it could be that your transaction get in but it just waiting to be executed and what we found is that you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1191s"},{"start_seconds":1201,"text":"know people did not like that and they found it to be uh very very annoying and then also it just like not a great uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1201s"},{"start_seconds":1208,"text":"not great for the prodoc itself because um it creates this uh uh this pressure on on the charge and and may actually","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1208s"},{"start_seconds":1215,"text":"cause some uh memory unbounded memory growth and and so on um so we we kind of fixed that and now the the I mean the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1215s"},{"start_seconds":1223,"text":"fix is actually quite complex so I I won't go into the all the details here because of because of design but basically now there's this back pressure","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1223s"},{"start_seconds":1232,"text":"um that that goes through the the shards so that if a Shard is congested um or there are some congested shards on the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1232s"},{"start_seconds":1240,"text":"network uh as a user what you might see is that your transaction get um preemptively rejected when it is submitted uh because it will basically","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1240s"},{"start_seconds":1248,"text":"say that the The Shard is congested um you know please please try later um this um you know I mean from at least from my","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1248s"},{"start_seconds":1256,"text":"point of view it's a like better experience because at at least you know when you submit a transaction that uh it got rejected so that you know you can","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1256s"},{"start_seconds":1263,"text":"say resubmit later rather than waiting indefinitely not knowing uh what actually happened and and maybe trying to guess and and and maybe even uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1263s"},{"start_seconds":1272,"text":"making mistakes by you know sending uh another transaction that does the same thing twice which sometimes isn't what you want to do um if you're doing","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1272s"},{"start_seconds":1280,"text":"transfers and and so on um and I mean obviously this is not the the full solution because it's still like you you know you you some sometimes you I mean","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1280s"},{"start_seconds":1289,"text":"for some application maybe you're fine like okay the network is congested let me just wait for a bit but sometimes you you're doing like trading or I don't","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1289s"},{"start_seconds":1297,"text":"know moving large amount of assets or not that you really want it to be down right now uh so that's the next stage of the work where we would introduce","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1297s"},{"start_seconds":1304,"text":"transaction priority so that um you can say okay I I'm willing to pay more uh to to kind of cut the line and and get get","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1304s"},{"start_seconds":1313,"text":"to the the front of the queue um so um so that would allow you your transaction to be processed faster even if there is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1313s"},{"start_seconds":1322,"text":"congestion on some sh what it sounds like is you know what you're saying going through here is it fair to say that these are part of","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1322s"},{"start_seconds":1330,"text":"phases so n 2.0 is not the end state by any means this is leading to a lot of other features um I know I've seen in","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1330s"},{"start_seconds":1339,"text":"different talks and in documentation uh the concept of dynamic sharding is this all like a preface to how we eventually","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1339s"},{"start_seconds":1346,"text":"get to that point yeah uh for sure uh and I think the stus validation architecture actually makes it easier to implement uh Dynamic rearing because now","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1346s"},{"start_seconds":1355,"text":"the validators themselves are actually a steers because because you're steers then you don't like technically care how many shards there are so if there is a","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1355s"},{"start_seconds":1363,"text":"spit of Shard and then then and the change of layout of Shard uh you know you don't really need to do anything per se because you are not even keeping","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1363s"},{"start_seconds":1372,"text":"track of any sh I mean uh of course there are work on the trunk producer side that needs to be done but but over this because the validation part","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1372s"},{"start_seconds":1380,"text":"basically what um how the network tells whether a a chunk is valid this part is basically entirely stus uh it basically","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1380s"},{"start_seconds":1388,"text":"makes the design uh and implementation easier for uh Dynamic rearing um and actually we have already uh started uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1388s"},{"start_seconds":1397,"text":"discussing the design of how we can potentially get there I think there um you know it's not something that that can be done in one day and uh I think","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1397s"},{"start_seconds":1405,"text":"there uh there are going to be a series of steps that we need to take uh to gradually uh get there uh for example first we Implement how how we can split","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1405s"},{"start_seconds":1414,"text":"um you know one sh into two shs very quickly um and then like maybe also like how they merge how two sharts can merge uh back into one shart uh and and you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1414s"},{"start_seconds":1423,"text":"know once we have all those things we'll figure out what is the criteria for the system to dynamically determine that you know well now it's the time to actually","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1423s"},{"start_seconds":1431,"text":"split one sh into two or now is the time to actually uh merge two shs back into one uh so yeah I think I think there are","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1431s"},{"start_seconds":1439,"text":"a few steps that we need to take to together there um but with the new architecture uh we're confident that um it will be","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1439s"},{"start_seconds":1446,"text":"done may maybe this is too much of a specific question right now but I'd be interested in hearing when you're saying","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1446s"},{"start_seconds":1454,"text":"uh the splitting of shards and the merging of shards what sort of timeline does this happen over so say uh Shard 3","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1454s"},{"start_seconds":1464,"text":"is congested there's so many transactions happening to this this one application say sweat or kijing or","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1464s"},{"start_seconds":1472,"text":"whatever when can we expect The Shard to uh split to help handle","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1472s"},{"start_seconds":1479,"text":"that Ah that's a great question so um when I when I said there are a series of steps I think uh one thing that I was","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1479s"},{"start_seconds":1488,"text":"crossing over is basically this question of like how fast uh could it be down so um you know the the end goal is to do it","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1488s"},{"start_seconds":1495,"text":"basically within a few blocks so essentially react uh in real time um and I think it it is it is possible to do uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1495s"},{"start_seconds":1504,"text":"it does make the implementation uh more complex because the currently the sh layout is determined by by Epoch and one","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1504s"},{"start_seconds":1510,"text":"Epoch is about like 12 to 16 hours uh so um right now we're kind of building towards that but first step is well","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1510s"},{"start_seconds":1519,"text":"let's uh split The Shard uh within like one one Epoch and then we can go from there to actually splitting the uh the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1519s"},{"start_seconds":1527,"text":"shart which withing like like a few blocks uh I think we we do we do have a pretty good understanding of what needs","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1527s"},{"start_seconds":1534,"text":"to be done to get there um and um yeah I think we're pretty confident that that it could be done I think it just matter of implementation uh and actually","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1534s"},{"start_seconds":1543,"text":"putting in the work that would be crazy to be honest I was thinking on the time scale of like Epoch and hours but a few","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1543s"},{"start_seconds":1551,"text":"blocks that would be amazing what do you think Joe yeah I mean yeah I I can't even my brain doesn't processed that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1551s"},{"start_seconds":1559,"text":"that's that's crazy um you know I with all of this and I think with you know there's a really amazing technology and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1559s"},{"start_seconds":1569,"text":"where I feel that near protocol has continued to kind of push the boundaries of some of this stuff you know you the instant thought is like oh everything has to get bigger and more powerful but","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1569s"},{"start_seconds":1577,"text":"really uh the standards for a validator especially for a stateless validator have gone down is that correct yes that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1577s"},{"start_seconds":1585,"text":"that is correct yeah so how how is that how are you able to continue to lower the requirements yet essentially add","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1585s"},{"start_seconds":1593,"text":"more features and make it more performant ah yeah that's uh that's a great question I mean I think you know I","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1593s"},{"start_seconds":1601,"text":"mean this may sound C of intuitive but uh you know if if we push it to the to the to the Limit right if we think about","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1601s"},{"start_seconds":1609,"text":"the extreme is basically um let's say you have like a powerful machine that that generates their knowledge proof and then you can have a lot of very very","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1609s"},{"start_seconds":1618,"text":"very cheap machines that verify the proof right then the verification is almost instantaneous like a few like","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1618s"},{"start_seconds":1625,"text":"tens of millisecs on on that other scale and then the computer requires also U pretty low to to do the verification so so basically it is possible that you can","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1625s"},{"start_seconds":1634,"text":"um pretty much um mimic what um a centralized system does today is like you know you have this powerful machine","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1634s"},{"start_seconds":1643,"text":"that does there some compute um but you know in centralized system you don't verify so to speak um but then like you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1643s"},{"start_seconds":1650,"text":"know the this like ZK is technology that really allows you to get very close to that you have like some powerful machine that there some like a compute and then","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1650s"},{"start_seconds":1657,"text":"new generators proof that can be really really cheaply verified um by a lot of other uh very very cheap machines we're definitely not there yet but you know if","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1657s"},{"start_seconds":1666,"text":"you think from the the principle then yes you can actually do it you can have um some kind of expensive machine that does there some compute and then like","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1666s"},{"start_seconds":1675,"text":"there are other people with uh much less expensive machines that that actually um do the verification um and this this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1675s"},{"start_seconds":1684,"text":"this asymmetry um it's actually pretty core to the to the design and I think it's actually um a nice way to um to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1684s"},{"start_seconds":1693,"text":"kind of uh uh get closer or like improve the the performance of the system dramatically because now you know","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1693s"},{"start_seconds":1700,"text":"instead of everyone have like the same amount of hardware and you know it getting bottom NE on that kind of Hardware which is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1700s"},{"start_seconds":1708,"text":"um pretty limiting you now are basically having this like more powerful machines that you can like kind of like Leverage","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1708s"},{"start_seconds":1716,"text":"um while maintaining the decentralization of the network um because the verification is down very","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1716s"},{"start_seconds":1724,"text":"cheaply using um ZK proofs in this manner I imagine would it take longer to like","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1724s"},{"start_seconds":1734,"text":"verify blocks because I know that ZK Pro proofs can take a while to generate is that why you're you're taking your time","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1734s"},{"start_seconds":1743,"text":"and not just implementing proofs right now um interest yeah yeah that's pretty much it yeah I think right now basically","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1743s"},{"start_seconds":1751,"text":"the proof generation latency is uh too high to be practical um but I mean I mean like we have seen in the past","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1751s"},{"start_seconds":1760,"text":"couple of years uh there there has been great progress uh in both the uh theoretical part of ZK the the um Advent","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1760s"},{"start_seconds":1770,"text":"of new proving systems that really improve the efficiency of of proof Generation Um and also on the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1770s"},{"start_seconds":1777,"text":"engineering side uh much better uh implementation of those proving systems that makes uh proof generation faster","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1777s"},{"start_seconds":1784,"text":"and and so on so forth um and um I think the next big thing that will probably come is the hardware acceleration that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1784s"},{"start_seconds":1792,"text":"would uh really allow us to get closer uh much closer to uh real real time proof generation for uh execution and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1792s"},{"start_seconds":1801,"text":"then if we can get close to realtime proof generation then yeah we can start thinking about integrating it uh into the protocol and really uh rip the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1801s"},{"start_seconds":1810,"text":"benefits","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1810s"},{"start_seconds":1812,"text":"there yeah I feel like ZK is just so awesome and I'm waiting for the tech to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1812s"},{"start_seconds":1819,"text":"to catch up with well the the theory is also catching up but I just imagine the the possibilities it's going to unlock","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1819s"},{"start_seconds":1828,"text":"when thing when you have like real time proof generation that would just be amazing I","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1828s"},{"start_seconds":1836,"text":"suppose yeah that'll be great oh sorry to cut you off there um I just wanted to jump into some of the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1836s"},{"start_seconds":1845,"text":"security pieces of it I think uh you know obviously it's you know on blockchain that's a huge piece of everything we're doing and one of the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1845s"},{"start_seconds":1853,"text":"questions that comes to mind is so one of the things around security has always comes up of not necess just on near but on all chains of how much token is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1853s"},{"start_seconds":1862,"text":"distributed across the validators and so you what percentage is like that top group that holds most of the tokens and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1862s"},{"start_seconds":1869,"text":"now what we're starting to see here on near because we're expanding the uh validator set as well how does that affect where you know how much token is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1869s"},{"start_seconds":1877,"text":"held does that matter as much still or how does that all fit into the security design what's happening um I think it still does","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1877s"},{"start_seconds":1887,"text":"mattering a so I think the the argument or like the concern that people have uh with the concentration of stake is that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1887s"},{"start_seconds":1895,"text":"um those few people can actually um collectively if they decide to collude somehow they can Hal the network right","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1895s"},{"start_seconds":1903,"text":"so that that that is still the case the I mean the the cryptoeconomic side of things does not change I mean if if","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1903s"},{"start_seconds":1910,"text":"let's say one third of the stake decide to clude that yes they can stop the network um from from running um but I","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1910s"},{"start_seconds":1917,"text":"mean I think uh what this release um helps is in the sense of um actually getting to to more validators um and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1917s"},{"start_seconds":1926,"text":"allow more people to to join um and um yeah I think just from a kind of social consensus point of view that definitely","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1926s"},{"start_seconds":1934,"text":"makes things um much harder to manipulate and and and so on uh so yeah I think that that is definitely a benefit of the this","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1934s"},{"start_seconds":1943,"text":"release along those lines with stateless uh validation and is there you know I","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1943s"},{"start_seconds":1951,"text":"guess I don't even make assess uh judgments here but like how is the security than work for that where you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1951s"},{"start_seconds":1958,"text":"have these witnesses that are there you know is there opportunities where they could possibly collude and still validate uh as a like colluding","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1958s"},{"start_seconds":1967,"text":"Witnesses or is that something that's just not possible I mean I think it's um it is possible in the sense that if more","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1967s"},{"start_seconds":1975,"text":"than two Surs of the stake decide to in clude then uh I mean all Bs are are off right so that basically anyway yeah the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1975s"},{"start_seconds":1983,"text":"fundamental bft consensus assumption is is is broken then yes you things will go very wrong but I think the um yeah from","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1983s"},{"start_seconds":1992,"text":"the cryptoeconomic um point of view like assuming the the BFD assumption holds then yeah the the the probability because the value shuffled every every","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=1992s"},{"start_seconds":2001,"text":"block the probability of uh A Shard getting croped is basically negligibly small and that's where the um the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2001s"},{"start_seconds":2009,"text":"security assumption is from yeah yeah no that's great I I mean I assume that's kind of where it was going and I just","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2009s"},{"start_seconds":2016,"text":"think it's important that as people are hearing these discussions online they understand what really is going to the security and the level of actual you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2016s"},{"start_seconds":2025,"text":"know one collusion that would have to happen for something to actually really go wrong and then two that like you said","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2025s"},{"start_seconds":2032,"text":"which I find really fascinating here is that you know as we're able to put in again more validators with less Hardware","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2032s"},{"start_seconds":2040,"text":"requirements we are actually you know making this a more secure system because we are decentralizing it and as through","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2040s"},{"start_seconds":2047,"text":"the rotation and things like that correct that make it better so y exactly yeah if you don't mind me Switching","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2047s"},{"start_seconds":2056,"text":"gears here a bit I've been looking on on GitHub looking at the naps and I've seen","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2056s"},{"start_seconds":2063,"text":"a lot about ethereum alignment and ethereum in licit accounts is that to do","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2063s"},{"start_seconds":2070,"text":"with Nightshade 2.0 or is that something different yeah that is that is different uh it basically it's uh implementation","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2070s"},{"start_seconds":2078,"text":"that would potentially allow metamask to support uh near natively so basically allow ISM accounts to be supported uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2078s"},{"start_seconds":2087,"text":"natively so to speak on near and I think that that is that is completely different uh sorry completely separate","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2087s"},{"start_seconds":2094,"text":"uh from the 19 release um but is also I think uh a great uh a great feature to have so that um um you know that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2094s"},{"start_seconds":2102,"text":"potentially allows a lot more people in the web Ser space to uh start using using near directly uh I mean that's not","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2102s"},{"start_seconds":2110,"text":"that's only part of the change right there's also the ter RPC implementation that that is being done um and the the metamask uh integration so that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2110s"},{"start_seconds":2119,"text":"basically you can go to any near app and then just start using it using metam mask to interact with it as AUM user uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2119s"},{"start_seconds":2127,"text":"and yeah I think that has the potential of bringing a lot more um crypto native users to to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2127s"},{"start_seconds":2133,"text":"near it really plays into that chain abstraction narrative that uh n is becoming all","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2133s"},{"start_seconds":2143,"text":"about interesting yeah no I yeah I mean it's there a lot of really great stuff","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2143s"},{"start_seconds":2149,"text":"here in the phasing of all this uh is seems really well thought out you guys are clearly building towards something","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2149s"},{"start_seconds":2157,"text":"can you talk about a little bit about um just the the you know have to get deep detail like where do you see the next few phases kind of going in the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2157s"},{"start_seconds":2165,"text":"direction from here yeah yeah so I think um the one of the the big Focus for us","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2165s"},{"start_seconds":2172,"text":"is to uh maximizing the the potential of the the current design I think as I said it's the beginning of a new chapter and","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2172s"},{"start_seconds":2179,"text":"um uh we are essentially only getting started uh with this new architecture and we really want to uh maximize both the horizontal skillability and also the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2179s"},{"start_seconds":2188,"text":"vertical scalability in terms of uh getting to both more shards and significantly improve um The Single","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2188s"},{"start_seconds":2195,"text":"Shard performance on each shart uh so I think this is a big Focus for us going forward now looking beyond that I think","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2195s"},{"start_seconds":2203,"text":"that the the next thing that that comes is the dynamic rearing uh that I've already talked about basically then you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2203s"},{"start_seconds":2210,"text":"have this um basically the holy gr of charting where the number of shards uh dynamically adjust based on on the load","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2210s"},{"start_seconds":2219,"text":"on the network right so uh that is uh something that would be really great to have and this then we don't need to worry about the scalability side of","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2219s"},{"start_seconds":2228,"text":"things and so on um and obviously the um we talk about ZK and it's potential application um in the protocol and I","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2228s"},{"start_seconds":2237,"text":"think that is also uh something we have in mind um but I think that may take a longer period of time to uh to get","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2237s"},{"start_seconds":2245,"text":"implemented just depending on the uh progress on the the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2245s"},{"start_seconds":2252,"text":"side as a uh so as you are are planning this out as you're trying to bring uh you know validators up to speed and keep","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2252s"},{"start_seconds":2259,"text":"everything else like that where you know how does that fit into I guess like release schedules as well too because it's not obviously where you guys can","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2259s"},{"start_seconds":2268,"text":"just build and feel comfortable say we're going to De play this you have to get validators on on board U maybe for those who don't know and don't","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2268s"},{"start_seconds":2276,"text":"understand how all that stuff Works quickly just talk about like what a release actually looks like and what is actually contingent on being part of the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2276s"},{"start_seconds":2284,"text":"protocol um yeah so I mean it the the I mean all the releases are including this one pretty similar uh in how they get","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2284s"},{"start_seconds":2292,"text":"adopted so basically um the release gets um published on on GitHub and it contains a a protocol change and then as","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2292s"},{"start_seconds":2300,"text":"validator adopt the release they basically vote for the adoption of the release and when there are sufficient number of","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2300s"},{"start_seconds":2308,"text":"adopting adopting the new release um so the stretchh hold is set to 80% um then the network will actually switch to the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2308s"},{"start_seconds":2316,"text":"new um protocol version uh in to EPO and this is basically to um make sure there","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2316s"},{"start_seconds":2323,"text":"is this uh voting process uh going on uh with with every single release uh and um um and and as a result people also get","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2323s"},{"start_seconds":2332,"text":"you know get get to have the the time to actually adopt the release and and and and so on so um I think it's some uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2332s"},{"start_seconds":2339,"text":"it's the same process that we've been using for a couple of years um and um yeah I think I think it's uh it's going","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2339s"},{"start_seconds":2347,"text":"well for us have you ever had a time where it didn't go through like it something like it didn't get voted through um I think we've had time where","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2347s"},{"start_seconds":2356,"text":"it took longer than what we expected so basically like you know uh there's a voting date or whatting time that is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2356s"},{"start_seconds":2363,"text":"said in the release what that means is that after that specific date then uh the the the pro the voting would would","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2363s"},{"start_seconds":2371,"text":"would preed and then the uh the network will basically count um the votes and decide whether to do the upgrade or not","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2371s"},{"start_seconds":2379,"text":"and um but but you know it doesn't prevent people from not upgrading and there thereby uh stopping the network from being upgraded um I I I don't think","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2379s"},{"start_seconds":2388,"text":"people like you know intentionally did that in in the past but there there are definely are times where the theg grade took like you know three weeks to get","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2388s"},{"start_seconds":2396,"text":"adopted by enough f ators because this is a decentralized process yeah and uh and correct me if I'm wrong here but right a vote simply","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2396s"},{"start_seconds":2404,"text":"is the validator updates to that protocol version and that counts as a single vote Yes yes","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2404s"},{"start_seconds":2411,"text":"yes how long did it take people to uptake Nightshade was it three weeks or","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2411s"},{"start_seconds":2417,"text":"were people upgrading within a within an hour of the release uh it's actually it's actually nier um and and also it's","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2417s"},{"start_seconds":2425,"text":"faster than I expected I expected that uh just because of the complexity of the release and and it actually does require","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2425s"},{"start_seconds":2432,"text":"uh some manual change on the V side with regards to the config file uh so it is more complex than before um but um you","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2432s"},{"start_seconds":2439,"text":"enough V adopted the the release uh in one week uh so basically it took about uh a bit more than a week from the P","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2439s"},{"start_seconds":2449,"text":"public uh from from the when the release get published to um when the network uh got upgraded","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2449s"},{"start_seconds":2457,"text":"no that that's that's exciting and I've noticed too for myself just again running that validator that over time","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2457s"},{"start_seconds":2465,"text":"especially I would say all the releases this calendar year have been a lot smoother and it's just been a process","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2465s"},{"start_seconds":2472,"text":"where you know I don't have to think too much about it yeah it's sure have to maybe make a small change in the config but you seem to have streamlined it has","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2472s"},{"start_seconds":2480,"text":"something is that more of a process thing or is that simply just as you are getting better of improving the protocol and over time","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2480s"},{"start_seconds":2489,"text":"um yeah I think it it's probably both um I think the uh I think the processing is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2489s"},{"start_seconds":2496,"text":"basically right you know you you kind of learn from the mistakes and the in in the past and and you you work on improving it and making it easier for","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2496s"},{"start_seconds":2505,"text":"for people to to upgrade and and so on um and also yeah we're uh we're definitely making um dedicated effort uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2505s"},{"start_seconds":2515,"text":"to improve the the release test Tes in um and I think yeah we've done a pretty good job uh yeah in the past couple of","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2515s"},{"start_seconds":2524,"text":"releases especially with this uh n 2.0 release to really um have uh very extensive testing uh before the release","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2524s"},{"start_seconds":2532,"text":"goes out um so that this would minimize the number of issues uh that the the","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2532s"},{"start_seconds":2540,"text":"relas may have but also make it easy for for vators to to upgrade because we also can see the problems um that potential","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2540s"},{"start_seconds":2548,"text":"problem that each individual Auditors may run into uh when they do the upgrade yeah no that I mean that that that makes","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2548s"},{"start_seconds":2555,"text":"a ton of sense and we've definitely seen the you know the the outcome of that because uh I would say you know again","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2555s"},{"start_seconds":2563,"text":"just the past six months some of the updates between you know the the sharding changes and everything else uh you know like you said there's been no downtime due to it and it's just been a","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2563s"},{"start_seconds":2572,"text":"fairly seamless process as best as it can be uh at this point so that's exciting I just want to wrap personally I don't if you have a final question too","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2572s"},{"start_seconds":2580,"text":"but uh with all of this stuff we talked about phasing we talked about you know where this is going and the importance of all of this uh near has a few","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2580s"},{"start_seconds":2588,"text":"different initiatives and we don't have to I don't want to dive into the actual different initiatives here but you know the blockchain itself is just the protocol that anything can kind of be","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2588s"},{"start_seconds":2596,"text":"built on top of it is that the goal here where yes you know you are optimizing for some things but it's really about","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2596s"},{"start_seconds":2604,"text":"building flexibility into the chain or there come eventually become a path during this phasing where there is a more of a focus towards a direction like","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2604s"},{"start_seconds":2612,"text":"some other chains do um yeah so sorry um what's the last","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2612s"},{"start_seconds":2619,"text":"part sure well so so some chains are like more focused on particular features of the protocol and so they kind of like","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2619s"},{"start_seconds":2626,"text":"hyper optimize for those things but is it fair to say that like n really focused on not hyper optimizing for everything as you can't but for","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2626s"},{"start_seconds":2634,"text":"everything but really focusing on being a protocol that you can build almost anything on whether the initiative is","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2634s"},{"start_seconds":2641,"text":"chain abstraction whether it is uh AI whatever it might be it's more generic yeah yeah because you know kind of going","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2641s"},{"start_seconds":2649,"text":"back to our Our Roots or or our original Vision right it's a word where people have um control of their money um assess","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2649s"},{"start_seconds":2657,"text":"power of governance and and it is something that um um you know requires a uh uh you know planetary scale uh that","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2657s"},{"start_seconds":2667,"text":"to support this just kind of um in you know whatever apps that people build and so on so we want it to be both uh highly","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2667s"},{"start_seconds":2674,"text":"scalable but also the time general purpose enough so that any kind of application any kind of use cases uh could be built and to to uh really kind","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2674s"},{"start_seconds":2682,"text":"of collectively help with the mass adoption uh of web3 nice uh any last","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2682s"},{"start_seconds":2690,"text":"questions no less questions except i' would just like to say like a huge gr congrats to to you and the team for","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2690s"},{"start_seconds":2698,"text":"getting all this implemented like huge props so glad to see it happen and yeah","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2698s"},{"start_seconds":2705,"text":"thank you for making our lives easier thank you I mean it's a it's a great work from the team so yeah would","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2705s"},{"start_seconds":2713,"text":"like to give a shout out to them yeah AB yeah I was going to I want to end here of saying like I think uh I hope people","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2713s"},{"start_seconds":2721,"text":"who are falling along especially those who technical understand the work that you and your team are doing uh this has been something that uh really has been","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2721s"},{"start_seconds":2729,"text":"impressive and probably does it doesn't get as much uh Fanfare excitement because it kind of it's in the background and you know I think one of","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2729s"},{"start_seconds":2736,"text":"those things where like it just works right you you don't have those news stories of it being having problems and things like that and that's a good thing um and you know I wanted to really make","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2736s"},{"start_seconds":2745,"text":"sure that we continue to highlight these changes because you know n's protocol is really state-ofthe-art and it's really impressive of what you guys continue to","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2745s"},{"start_seconds":2754,"text":"do and we're looking forward to all the future changes so uh we really appreciate your time coming on today we know you're super busy but this was uh","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2754s"},{"start_seconds":2761,"text":"really informative I think for both ourselves as well as the audience thank you yeah thank you yeah","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw&t=2761s"}],"youtube_url":"https://youtube.com/watch?v=OcE8Cwwjfiw","url":"https://near-pedia.xyz/videos/OcE8Cwwjfiw"}